小儿术后疼痛治疗

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[1]	Lowery C L, Hardman M P, Manning N, et al. Neuro developmental changes offetal pain[J]. Semin Perinatol, 2007, 31:275-282.
[1]	Lowery C L, Hardman M P, Manning N, et al. Neuro developmental changes offetal pain[J]. Semin Perinatol, 2007, 31:275-282.
[2]	Fitzgerald M, Howard R F. The neurobiologic basis of paediatric pain[J]. Baltimore, 2002, 19:42.
[2]	Fitzgerald M, Howard R F. The neurobiologic basis of paediatric pain[J]. Baltimore, 2002, 19:42.
[3]	Walker S M, Meredith M J, Cooke Y C, et al. Neonatal inflammation and primary afferent terminal plasticity in the rat dorsal horn[J]. Pain, 2003, 105: 185-195.
[4]	Peters J W, Koot H M, Deboer J B, et al. Major surgery within the first 3 months of life and subsequent biobehavioral pain responses to immunization at later age: a case comparison study[J]. Pediatrics, 2003, 111: 129-135.
[5]	Katz J, McCartney C J. Current status of preemptive analgesia[J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2002, 15:435-441.
[6]	Maziar M, Yalda M, Farsad I, et al. The Analgesic Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen in Children Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 4(1): e15049.
[3]	Walker S M, Meredith M J, Cooke Y C, et al. Neonatal inflammation and primary afferent terminal plasticity in the rat dorsal horn[J]. Pain, 2003, 105: 185-195.
[7]	Messerer B, Meschik J, Gutmann A. Postoperative pain assessment in special patient groups: part II. Children with cognitive impairment[J]. Schmerz, 2011 , 25(3):256-265.
[4]	Peters J W, Koot H M, Deboer J B, et al. Major surgery within the first 3 months of life and subsequent biobehavioral pain responses to immunization at later age: a case comparison study[J]. Pediatrics, 2003, 111: 129-135.
[8]	Anand K J, Carr D B. The neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry of pain, stress, and analgesia in newborns and children[J]. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1989, 36: 795-822.
[5]	Katz J, McCartney C J. Current status of preemptive analgesia[J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2002, 15:435-441.
[9]	Merkel S I, Voepel L T, Shayevitz J R, et al. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children[J]. Pediatr Nurs, 1997, 23:293-297.
[6]	Maziar M, Yalda M, Farsad I, et al. The Analgesic Efficacy of Preoperative Oral Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen in Children Undergoing Adenotonsillectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial[J]. Anesth Pain Med, 2014, 4(1): e15049.
[10]	Voepel L T , Merkel S, Tait A R, et al. The Reliability and validity of the face , legs, activity, cry, consol ability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment [J]. Anesth Analg , 2002, 95:1224-1229.
[11]	Ambuel B, Hamlett K W, Marx C M, et al. Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale[J]. Pediatr Psychol, 1992, 17: 95-109.
[12]	Maxwell L G, Kaufmann S C, Bitzer S, et al. The effects of as mall-dose naloxone infusion on opioid-induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a double-blind, prospective, random, controlled study[J]. Anesth Analg, 2005, 100:953-958.
[7]	Messerer B, Meschik J, Gutmann A. Postoperative pain assessment in special patient groups: part II. Children with cognitive impairment[J]. Schmerz, 2011 , 25(3):256-265.
[13]	Myron Yaster. Multimodal analgesia in children[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2010, 27:112.
[8]	Anand K J, Carr D B. The neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry of pain, stress, and analgesia in newborns and children[J]. Pediatr Clin North Am, 1989, 36: 795-822.
[9]	Merkel S I, Voepel L T, Shayevitz J R, et al. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for scoring postoperative pain in young children[J]. Pediatr Nurs, 1997, 23:293-297.
[14]	Vander W J, Kuo P Y, Reed P W, et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous paracetamol (acetaminophen) plasma levels when given as preoperative analgesia[J]. Anaesth Intensive Care, 2011, 39(2):242-246.
[10]	Voepel L T , Merkel S, Tait A R, et al. The Reliability and validity of the face , legs, activity, cry, consol ability observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment [J]. Anesth Analg , 2002, 95:1224-1229.
[15]	Tsui BC, Wagner A, Mahood J, et al. Adjunct continuous intravenous ketamine infusion for postoperative pain relief following posterior spinal instrumentation for correction of scoliosis: a case report[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2007, 17:383-386.
[16]	Ivani G, Mossetti V. Continuous central and perineural infusions for postoperative pain control in children[J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2010 , 23(5):637-642.
[11]	Ambuel B, Hamlett K W, Marx C M, et al. Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale[J]. Pediatr Psychol, 1992, 17: 95-109.
[17]	Agthe A G, Kim G R, Mathias K B, et al. Clonidine as an adjunct therapy to opioids for neonatal abstinence syndrome: arandomized, controlled trial[J]. Pediatrics, 2009, 123:e849-e856.
[12]	Maxwell L G, Kaufmann S C, Bitzer S, et al. The effects of as mall-dose naloxone infusion on opioid-induced side effects and analgesia in children and adolescents treated with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia: a double-blind, prospective, random, controlled study[J]. Anesth Analg, 2005, 100:953-958.
[18]	Schnabel A, Reichl S U, Poepping D M, et al. Efficacy and safety of intraoperative dexmedetomidine for acute postoperative pain in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2013 , 23(2):170-179.
[13]	Myron Yaster. Multimodal analgesia in children[J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2010, 27:112.
[19]	Taylor C P. Mechanisms of analgesia by gabapentin and pregabalin: calcium channel alpha2-delta (Cavalpha2-delta) ligands[J]. Pain, 2009, 142:13-16.
[14]	Vander W J, Kuo P Y, Reed P W, et al. Randomised controlled trial comparing oral and intravenous paracetamol (acetaminophen) plasma levels when given as preoperative analgesia[J]. Anaesth Intensive Care, 2011, 39(2):242-246.
[15]	Tsui BC, Wagner A, Mahood J, et al. Adjunct continuous intravenous ketamine infusion for postoperative pain relief following posterior spinal instrumentation for correction of scoliosis: a case report[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2007, 17:383-386.
[16]	Ivani G, Mossetti V. Continuous central and perineural infusions for postoperative pain control in children[J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2010 , 23(5):637-642.
[17]	Agthe A G, Kim G R, Mathias K B, et al. Clonidine as an adjunct therapy to opioids for neonatal abstinence syndrome: arandomized, controlled trial[J]. Pediatrics, 2009, 123:e849-e856.
[18]	Schnabel A, Reichl S U, Poepping D M, et al. Efficacy and safety of intraoperative dexmedetomidine for acute postoperative pain in children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2013 , 23(2):170-179.
[19]	Taylor C P. Mechanisms of analgesia by gabapentin and pregabalin: calcium channel alpha2-delta (Cavalpha2-delta) ligands[J]. Pain, 2009, 142:13-16.