Wood L G, Baines K J, Fu J, et al.The neutrophilic inflammatory phenotype is associated with systemic inflammation in asthma[J].Chest, 2012,142(1): 86-93.
[6]
Huang Y J, Nelson C E, Brodie E L, et al.Airway microbiota and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with suboptimally controlled asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2011,127(2):372-381.
[7]
Huang Y J, Boushey H A.The microbiome and asthma[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc, 2014,11(Suppl 1):S48-S51.
[8]
Webley W C, Aldridge K L.Infectious asthma triggers: time to revise the hygiene hypothesis[J].Trends Microbiol, 2015,23(7):389-391.
[9]
Taylor S L, Leong L E X, Choo J M, et al.Inflammatory phenotypes in severe asthma are associated with distinct airway microbiology[J].J Allergy Clin Immun,2018,141(1):94-103.
[10]
Webley W C, Hahn D L.Infection-mediated asthma: etiology, mechanisms and treatment options, with focus on Chlamydia pneumoniae and macrolides[J].Respir Res, 2017,18(1):98.
[11]
Teccnio C, Scapini P, Pizzolo G, et al.On the cytokines produced by human neutrophils in tumors[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2013,23(3):159-170.
Schleich F N, Chevremont A, Paulus V, et al.Importance of concomitant local and systemic eosinophilia in uncontrolled asthma[J].Eur Respir J, 2014,44:97-108.
[14]
da Silva J, Hilzendeger C, Moermans C.Raised interferon β, type 3 interferon and interferon stimulated genes-evidence of innate immune activation in neutrophilic asthma[J].Clin Exp Allergy, 2017,47(3):313-323.
[15]
Simpson J L, Carroll M, Yang I A, et al.Reduced Antiviral Interferon Production in Poorly Controlled Asthma Is Associated With Neutrophilic Inflammation and High-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroids[J].Chest,2016,149:704-713.
[16]
Muehling L M, Lawrence M G, Woodfolk J A.Pathogenic CD4+T cells in patients with asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2017,140:1523-1540.
Choi I S.Immune tolerance by induced regulatory T cells in asthma[J].Allergy Asthma Immunol Res, 2012, 4(3):113-115.
[19]
Liu W, Liu S, Verma M, et al.Mechanism of TH2/TH17-predominant and neutrophilic TH2/TH17-low subtypes of asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2017,139:1548-1558.
[20]
Wood L, Baines K, Fu J, et al.The neutrophilic inflammatory phenotype is associated with systemic inflammation in asthma[J].Chest,2012,142:86-93.
[21]
Fu J, Baines K, Wood L, et al. Systemic inflammation is associated with differential gene expression and airway neutrophilia in asthma[J].OMICS, 2013,17:187-199.
[22]
Baines K J, Simpson J L, Wood L G,et al.Systemic upregulation of neutrophil α-defensins and serine proteases in neutrophilic asthma[J]. Thorax, 2011,66:942-947.
[23]
Brusselle G G, VanderStichele C, Jordens P, et al.Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations in severe asthma(AZISAST):a multicentre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial[J].Thorax, 2013, 68: 322-329.
[24]
Kew K M, Undela K, Kotortsi I, ,et al. Macrolides for chronic asthma[J]. Cochrane Db Syst Rev. Macrolides for chronic asthma[J]. Cochrane Db Syst Rev, 2015, 9. No: CD002997.
[25]
Arfe A, Blasi F, Merlino L, et al.Respiratory drugs and macrolides prevent asthma exacerbations: A real-world investigation[J].Respir Med, 2016,119:7-12.
[26]
Altenburg J, de Graaff C S, van der Werf T S, et al. Immuno-modulatory effects of macrolide antibiotics. Part 1: Biological mechanisms[J]. Respiration, 2011, 81:67-74.
[27]
Parnham M J, Haber V E, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E J, et al. Azithromycin: Mechanisms of action and their relevance for clinical applications[J].Pharmacol Therapeu, 2014,143:225-245.
[28]
Tamaoki J, Kadota J, Takizawa H.Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides[J].Am J Med, 2004,117(Suppl. 9A): S5-11.
[29]
Banjanac M, Munic K V, Nujic K, et al.Anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of azithromycin in LPS-stimulated J774A.1 cells[J].Pharmacol Res, 2012,66:357-362.
[30]
Yamauchi K, Shibata Y, Kimura T, et al.Azithromycin suppresses interleukin-12p40 expression in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma stimulated macrophages[J].Int J Biol Sci, 2009,5: 667-678.
[31]
Iwamoto S, Azuma E, Kumamoto T, et al.Efficacy of azithromycin in preventing lethal graft-versus-host disease[J].Clin Exp Immunol, 2013, 171: 338-345.
[32]
Lin S J, Yan D C, Lee W I, et al.Effect of azithromycin on natural killer cell function[J].Int Immunopharmacol, 2012,13:8-14.
[33]
Halldorsson S, Gudjonsson T, Gottfredsson M, et al.Azithromycin maintains airway epithelial integrity during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol, 2010, 42: 62-68.
[34]
Liu Y, Pu Y, Li D, et al.Azithromycin ameliorates airway remodeling via inhibiting airway epithelium apoptosis[J].Life Sci, 2017,170:1-8.
[35]
Ding F M, Zhu S L, Shen C, et al.Low-dose clarithromycin therapy modulates CD4+ T cell responses in a mouse model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection[J].Respirology, 2012,17(4):727-734.
[36]
An T J, Rhee C K, Kim J H,et al.Effects of Macrolide and Corticosteroid in Neutrophilic Asthma Mouse Model[J]. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul),2018,81(1):80-87.
[37]
Shinkai M, Henke M O, Rubin B K.Macrolide antibiotics as immunomodulatory medications: Proposed mechanisms of action[J]. Pharmacol Therapeut, 2008,117:393-405.
2018, Vol. 29 
