Epstein Y, Yanovich R. Heatstroke[J]. N Engl J Med, 2019, 380(25): 2449-2459.
[4]
Bouchama A, Knochel J P. Heat stroke[J]. N Engl J Med, 2002, 346(25): 1978-1988.
[5]
Jones T S, Liang A P, Kilbourne E M, et al. Morbidity and mortality associated with the July 1980 heat wave in St Louis and Kansas City, Mo[J]. JAMA, 1982, 247(24): 3327-3331.
[6]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Heat--related illnesses and deaths-United States, 1994-1995[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1995, 44(25): 465-468.
[7]
Argaud L, Ferry T, Le Q H, et al. Short- and long-term outcomes of heatstroke following the 2003 heat wave in Lyon, France[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2007, 167(20): 2177-2183.
[8]
Al Mahri S, Bouchama A. Heatstroke[J]. Handb Clin Neurol, 2018, 157: 531-545.
[9]
Misset B, De Jonghe B, Bastuji-Garin S, et al. Mortality of patients with heatstroke admitted to intensive care units during the 2003 heat wave in France: a national multiple-center risk-factor study[J]. Crit Care Med, 2006, 34(4): 1087-1092.
[10]
Armed Forces Health Surveillance Bureau. Update: heat illness, active component, U.S. Armed Forces, 2016[J]. MSMR, 2017, 24(3): 9-13.
[11]
Carter R 3rd, Cheuvront S N, Williams J O, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalizations and deaths from heat illness in soldiers[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 2005, 37(8): 1338-1344.
[12]
Katch R K, Scarneo S E, Adams W M, et al. Top 10 research questions related to preventing sudden death in sport and physical activity[J]. Res Q Exerc Sport, 2017, 88(3): 251-268.
[13]
Yankelson L, Sadeh B, Gershovitz L, et al. Life-threatening events during endurance sports: is heat stroke more prevalent than arrhythmic death? [J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2014, 64(5): 463-469.
Herold J, Mitrasch A, Lorenz E, et al. Vomiting and collapse of a 28-year-old male long distance runner in middle European Summer[J]. Internist (Berl), 2018. 59(8): 850-856.
[17]
Epstein Y, Roberts W O, Golan R, et al. Sepsis, septic shock, and fatal exertional heat stroke[J]. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2015, 14(1): 64-69.
[18]
Liu C C, Chien C H, Lin M T. Glucocorticoids reduce interleukin-1 concentration and result in neuroprotective effects in rat heatstroke[J]. J Physiol, 2000, 527 Pt 2: 333-343.
[19]
Hales J R, Sakurada S. Heat tolerance. A role for fever? [J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1998, 856: 188-205.
[20]
Maron M B, Wagner J A, Horvath S M. Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running[J]. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol, 1977, 42(6): 909-914.
[21]
Mendeloff A I, Smith D E. Extreme physical effort in summer heat followed by collapse, stupor, purpura, jaundice and azotemia[J]. Am J Med, 1955, 18(4): 659-670.
[22]
McLaughlin C T, Kane A G, Auber A E. MR imaging of heat stroke: external capsule and thalamic T1 shortening and cerebellar injury[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2003, 24(7): 1372-1375.
[23]
Szold O, Reider-Groswasser I I, Ben Abraham R, et al. Gray-white matter discrimination--a possible marker for brain damage in heat stroke? [J]. Eur J Radiol, 2002, 43(1): 1-5.
[24]
Kew M, Bersohn I, Seftel H, et al. Liver damage in heatstroke[J]. Am J Med, 1970, 49(2): 192-202.
[25]
Chao T C, Sinniah R, Pakiam J E. Acute heat stroke deaths[J]. Pathology, 1981, 13(1): 145-156.
[26]
Bouchama A, Roberts G, Al Mohanna F, et al. Inflammatory, hemostatic, and clinical changes in a baboon experimental model for heatstroke[J]. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2005, 98(2): 697-705.
[27]
Malamud N, Haymaker W, Custer R P. Heat stroke: a clinico-pathologic study of 125 fatal cases[J]. Mil Surg, 1946, 99(5): 397-449.
[28]
Brodeur V B, Dennett S R, Griffin L S. Exertional hyperthermia, ice baths, and emergency care at the Falmouth Road Race[J]. J Emerg Nurs, 1989, 15(4): 304-312.
[29]
Costrini A. Emergency treatment of exertional heatstroke and comparison of whole body cooling techniques[J]. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1990, 22(1): 15-18.
[30]
Ohara K, Furuyama F, Isobe Y. Prediction of survival time of rats in severe heat[J]. J Appl Physiol, 1975, 38(4): 724-729.
[31]
Trujillo M H, Bellorin-Font E, Fragachan C F, et al. Multiple organ failure following near fatal exertional heat stroke[J]. J Intensive Care Med, 2009, 24(1): 72-78.
[32]
Sithinamsuwan P, Piyavechviratana K, Kitthaweesin T, et al. Exertional heatstroke: early recognition and outcome with aggressive combined cooling--a 12-year experience[J]. Mil Med, 2009, 174(5): 496-502.
[33]
Hu J, Kang H J, Liu C, et al. Response of regulatory T cells to classic heat stroke in mice[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2018, 16(6): 4609-4615.
[34]
Ganesan S, Volodina O, Pearce S C, et al. Acute heat stress activated inflammatory signaling in porcine oxidative skeletal muscle[J]. Physiol Rep, 2017, 5(16). pii: e13397.
[35]
King M A, Leon L R, Morse D A, et al. Unique cytokine and chemokine responses to exertional heat stroke in mice[J]. J Appl Physiol (1985), 2017, 122(2): 296-306.
[36]
Ganesan S, Reynolds C, Hollinger K, et al. Twelve hours of heat stress induces inflammatory signaling in porcine skeletal muscle[J]. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2016, 310(11): R1288-1296.
[37]
Pires W, Veneroso C E, Wanner S P, et al. Association Between Exercise-Induced Hyperthermia and Intestinal Permeability: A Systematic Review[J]. Sports Med, 2017, 47(7): 1389-1403.
[38]
Hall D M, Buettner G R, Oberley L W, et al. Mechanisms of circulatory and intestinal barrier dysfunction during whole body hyperthermia[J]. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 2001, 280(2): H509-521.
[39]
Snipe R M J, Khoo A, Kitic C M, et al. The impact of exertional-heat stress on gastrointestinal integrity, gastrointestinal symptoms, systemic endotoxin and cytokine profile[J]. Eur J Appl Physiol, 2018, 118(2): 389-400.
[40]
Vargas N, Marino F. Heat stress, gastrointestinal permeability and interleukin-6 signaling - Implications for exercise performance and fatigue[J]. Temperature (Austin), 2016, 3(2): 240-251.
[41]
Lu K C, Wang J Y, Lin S H, et al. Role of circulating cytokines and chemokines in exertional heatstroke[J]. Crit Care Med, 2004, 32(2): 399-403.
[42]
Leon L R. The use of gene knockout mice in thermoregulation studies[J]. J Therm Biol, 2005, 30 (4): 273-288.
[43]
Knüpfer H, Preiss R. sIL-6R: more than an agonist? [J]. Immunol Cell Biol, 2008, 86(1): 87-91.
[44]
Dematte J E, O'Mara K, Buescher J, et al. Near-fatal heat stroke during the 1995 heat wave in Chicago[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1998, 129(3): 173-181.
[45]
Matsumoto H, Takeba J, Umakoshi K, et al. Successful treatment for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) corresponding to phenotype changes in a heat stroke patient[J]. J Intensive Care, 2019, 7:2.
[46]
Bouchama A, Bridey F, Hammami M M, et al. Activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis in heatstroke[J]. Thromb Haemost, 1996, 76(6): 909-915.
[47]
Hifumi T, Kondo Y, Shimazaki J, et al. Prognostic significance of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with heat stroke in a nationwide registry[J]. J Crit Care, 2017, 44: 306-311.
[48]
Mustafa K Y, Omer O, Khogali M, et al. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in heat stroke[J]. Br J Haematol, 1985, 61(3): 517-523.
[49]
Wada H, Matsumoto T, Suzuki K, et al. Differences and similarities between disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathy[J]. Thromb J, 2018, 16:14.
[50]
Bouchama A, Al-Mohanna F, Assad L, et al. Tissue factor/factor VIIa pathway mediates coagulation activation in induced-heat stroke in the baboon[J]. Crit Care Med, 2012, 40(4): 1229-1236.
[51]
Roberts G T, Ghebeh H, Chishti M A, et al. Microvascular injury, thrombosis, inflammation, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of heatstroke: a study in baboon model[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008, 28(6): 1130-1136.
[52]
Del Prete G, De Carli M, Lammel R M, et al. Th1 and Th2 T-helper cells exert opposite regulatory effects on procoagulant activity and tissue factor production by human monocytes[J]. Blood, 1995, 86(1): 250-257.
[53]
Wilhelm E N, González-Alonso J, Chiesa S T, et al. Whole-body heat stress and exercise stimulate the appearance of platelet microvesicles in plasma with limited influence of vascular shear stress[J]. Physiol Rep, 2017, 5(21). pii: e13496.
[54]
Casa D J, Armstrong L E, Kenny G P, et al. Exertional heat stroke: new concepts regarding cause and care[J]. Curr Sports Med Rep, 2012, 11(3): 115-123.
[55]
Walter E, Steel K. Management of exertional heat stroke: a practical update for primary care physicians[J]. Br J Gen Pract, 2018, 68(668): 153-154.
2020, Vol. 31 
