Lopez A D, Mathers C D, Ezzati M, et al. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data[J]. Lancet, 2006, 367(9524): 1747-1757.
[2]
Kingstone L L, Currie G M, Torres C. The pathogenesis, analysis, and imaging methods of atherosclerotic disease of the carotid artery: review of the literature[J]. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci, 2012, 43(2): 84-94.
[3]
Liu H, Cao Y, Tong T, et al. Autophagy in atherosclerosis: a phenomenon found in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques[J]. Chin Med J, 2015, 128(1): 69-74.
[4]
Mizushima N, Komatsu M. Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues [J]. Cell, 2011, 147(4): 728-741.
[5]
Li J Y, Pan S S, Wang J Y, et al. Changes in autophagy levels in rat myocardium during exercise preconditioning-initiated cardioprotective effects[J]. Int Heart J, 2019, 60(2): 419-428.
[6]
Yang Z, Klionsky D J. Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation[J]. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 2010, 22(2): 124-131.
[7]
Liu Y, Shoji-Kawata S, Sumpter R M, et al. Autosis is a Na+, K+-ATPase-regulated form of cell death triggered by autophagy-inducing peptides, starvation, and hypoxia-ischemia[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2013,110(51): 20364-20371.
[8]
He C, Klionsky D J. Regulation mechanisms and signaling pathways of autophagy [J]. Annu Rev Genet, 2009, 43: 67-93.
[9]
Wullschleger S, Loewith R, Hall M N. TOR signaling in growth and metabolism[J]. Cell, 2006, 124(3): 471-484.
[10]
Liu X, Tang Y, Cui Y, et al. Autophagy is associated with cell fate in the process of macrophage-derived foam cells formation and progress[J]. J Biomed Sci, 2016, 23(1): 57.
[11]
Perrotta I. The use of electron microscopy for the detection of autophagy in human atherosclerosis[J]. Micron, 2013, 50: 7-13.
[12]
Mei Y,Thompson M D,Cohen R A, et al. Autophagy and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases [J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2015,1852(2):243-251.
[13]
Razani B, Feng C, Coleman T, et al. Autophagy links inflammasomes to atherosclerotic progression[J]. Cell Metab, 2012,15(4): 534-544.
[14]
Liao X, Sluimer J C, Wang Y, et al. Macrophage autophagy plays a protective role in advanced atherosclerosis [J]. Cell Metab, 2012, 15(4): 545-553.
[15]
Luo C, Li Y, Wang H, et al. Mitochondrial accumulation under oxidative stress is due to defects in autophagy[J]. J Cell Biochem, 2013, 114(1): 212-219.
[16]
De Meyer G R, Grootaert M O, Michiels C F, et al. Autophagy in vascular disease[J]. Circ Res, 2015, 116(3): 468-479.
[17]
Gast M, Rauch B H, Nakagawa S, et al. Immune system-mediated atherosclerosis caused by deficiency of long non-coding RNA MALAT1 in ApoE-/-mice[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2019, 115(2): 302-314.
[18]
Italiani P, Boraschi D. From monocytes to M1/M2 macrophages: phenotypical vs. functional differentiation[J]. Front Immunol, 2014, 5: 514.
[19]
Paulson K E, Zhu S N, Chen M, et al. Resident intimal dendritic cells accumulate lipid and contribute to the initiation of atherosclerosis[J]. Circ Res, 2010, 106(2): 383-390.
[20]
Bouhlel M A, Derudas B, Rigamonti E, et al. PPARgamma activation primes human monocytes into alternative M2 macrophages with anti-inflammatory properties[J]. Cell Metab,2007, 6(2): 137-143.
[21]
Liu X, Tang Y, Cui Y, et al. Autophagy is associated with cell fate in the process of macrophage-derived foam cells formation and progress[J]. J Biomed Sci,2016, 23(1): 57.
[22]
Newby A C. Metalloproteinase expression in monocytes and macrophages and its relationship to atherosclerotic plaque instability[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2008, 28(12): 2108-2114.
[23]
Sergin I, Evans T D, Zhang X, et al. Exploiting macrophage autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis as a therapy for atherosclerosis[J].Nat Commun, 2017, 8: 15750.
[24]
Petrovski G, Ayna G, Majai G, et al. Phagocytosis of cells dying through autophagy induces inflammasome activation and IL-1β release in human macrophages[J]. Autophagy, 2011,7(3): 321-330.
[25]
Liu B, Zhang B, Guo R, et al. Enhancement in efferocytosis of oxidized low- density lipoprotein- induced apoptotic RAW264.7cells through Sirt1- mediated autophagy[J]. Int J Mol Med, 2014,33(3):523-533.
[26]
Zhang J, Chen L, Xiong F, et al. Autophagy in regulatory T cells: a double-edged sword in disease settings[J]. Mol Immunol, 2019, 109: 43-50.
[27]
Tabas I, Lichtman A H. Monocyte-macrophages and T Cells in atherosclerosis[J]. Immunity, 2017, 47(4): 621-634.
[28]
Stemme S, Faber B, Holm J, et al. T lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A,1995, 92(9): 3893-3897.
[29]
Foks A C, Lichtman A H, Kuiper J. Treating atherosclerosis with regulatory T cells[J]. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2015, 35(2): 280-287.
[30]
Wei J, Long L, Yang K, et al. Autophagy enforces functional integrity of regulatory T cells by coupling environmental cues and metabolic homeostasis[J]. Nat Immunol, 2016, 17(3): 277-285.
[31]
Münz C. Autophagy proteins in antigen processing for presentation on MHC molecules[J]. Immunol Rev, 2016, 272(1): 17-27.
[32]
Steinman R M, Banchereau J. Taking dendritic cells into medicine [J]. Nature, 2007, 449(7161): 419-426.
[33]
Doz E, Lombard R, Carreras F, et al. Mycobacteria-infected dendritic cells attract neutrophils that produce IL-10 and specifically shut down Th17 CD4 T cells through their IL-10 receptor[J]. J Immunol, 2013, 191(7): 3818-3826.
[34]
Jagannath C, Lindsey D R, Dhandayuthapani S, et al. Autophagy enhances the efficacy of BCG vaccine by increasing peptide presentation in mouse dendritic cells[J]. Nat Med, 2009, 15(3): 267-276.
[35]
Mosser D M, Zhang X. Interleukin-10: new perspectives on an old cytokine[J]. Immunol Rev, 2008, 226: 205-218.
[36]
Levine B, Kroemer G. Autophagy in the pathogenesis of disease[J]. Cell, 2008, 132(1): 27-42.
[37]
Libby P, Ridker P M, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis[J]. Circulation, 2002, 105(9): 1135-1143.
[38]
Riffelmacher T, Clarke A, Richter F C, et al. Autophagy-dependent generation of free fatty acids is critical for normal neutrophil differentiation[J]. Immunity, 2017, 47(3): 466-480.
[39]
Drechsler M, Megens R T, van Zandvoort M, et al.Hyperlipidemia-triggered neutrophilia promotes early atherosclerosis[J]. Circulation, 2010, 122(18):1837-1845.
[40]
Soehnlein O .Multiple roles for neutrophils in atherosclerosis [J]. Circ Res, 2012, 110(6):875-888.
[41]
Levine B, Packer M, Codogno P. Development of autophagy inducers in clinical medicine[J]. J Clin Invest, 2015,125(1): 14-24.
2019, Vol. 30 
