Abstract: With the development of biotechnology, more and more pharmaceutical products are developed on the basis of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, which have become a scarce resource with commercial value. Developing countries have enacted domestic legislation to protect these resources, but there are disputes in the international community about the justification of intellectual property protection to genetic resources and traditional knowledge. The lack of protection has led to a series of problems, such as the reduction of biodiversity and cultural diversity, the loss of interests of developing countries, the widening of the global wealth gap, and the imbalance of power and knowledge systems. The theory of property rights and intellectual property rights constitute the theoretical basis for the protection of genetic resources and traditional knowledge, which makes the intellectual property protection to genetic resources and traditional knowledge justified. The results show that the innovation of science and technology leads to the reform of property rights system; Reform of property rights system through domestic and international legislation; The change of the concept of property rights and cultural concept promotes the reform of property rights system.

摘要： 随着生物技术发展，越来越多的医药产品研发建立在遗传资源和传统知识基础之上，遗传资源和传统知识变成了一种有商业价值的稀缺资源。发展中国家纷纷制定国内立法予以保护，但是国际社会对遗传资源和传统知识知识产权保护存在争议。遗传资源和传统知识保护缺位带来一系列问题，如生物多样性和文化多样性减少，发展中国家利益受损，全球贫富差距加大，权力和知识体系失衡。根据遗传资源和传统知识保护的理论依据产权理论和知识产权理论，遗传资源和传统知识的知识产权保护具有正当性。研究结果表明，科学和技术创新引发产权制度变革；国内和国际立法实现产权制度变革；产权观念和文化观念转变促进产权制度变革。