• Stick to Opening-up and Promote Cooperation: The Way to Cope with the “Small Yard, High Fence” Strategy of the US.
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 246-253.
• Abstract ( )
• The "Small Yard, High Fence" strategy is the Biden administration's main policy for technological competition with China. It attempts to rigorously protect technologies that are crucial for national security, where the U.S. holds an advantage and China lacks, while maintaining exchanges with China in other technological areas. Unlike the Trump administration's "Total Decoupling" which is widely criticized strategy by American politicians, academics, and the business community, the Biden administration places special emphasis on a comprehensive, balanced, and rational policy towards China. It has proposed an overall policy framework of "competition—cooperation—confrontation" with China, highlighting the role of allies in the competition. The formation of the "Small Yard, High Fence" strategy is influenced by multiple factors. Economically, under the guidance of the "American School," the U.S. emphasizes productivity, values the domestic market, encourages trade protection, and focuses on internal improvements. This leads to decisions to maintain a productivity advantage at the expense of absolute economic benefits, to decouple from China, its significant trade partner, to enhance American innovation infrastructure and reform the U.S. innovation system; and to intervene in industrial development through protectionist trade policies. Politically, U.S. foreign policy has evolved from new isolationism to internationalism, eventually becoming interventionist. In terms of decision-making logic, the strategy of technological competition with the Soviet Union and Japan, under the unique bilateral relationship between China and the U.S., shows both continuity and change. The U.S. aims to suppress and contain China in high politics related to national security while considering the impact of economic decoupling on its own industrial development. Finally, The Biden administration has thoroughly reevaluated the Trump administration's "Total Decoupling" strategy, recognizing the necessity of cooperation with China. However, the "Small Yard, High Fence" strategy has multiple inherent limitations. If implemented comprehensively, it will face significant challenges and is unlikely to achieve long-term effectiveness, potentially even resulting in a "backlash" effect. First, the strategy's focus on point-specific confrontations can easily escalate to broader confrontations, creating a "chilling effect." Second, the global trend towards openness and cooperation has become a major premise for driving technological innovation, making it difficult for the U.S. to provide the sustained innovation and leadership necessary for effectively implementing the "Small Yard, High Fence" strategy. Third, the U.S. bureaucratic system hinders policy implementation, and political pluralism maintains policy balance. Fourth, the policy considerations of U.S. allies are realistic, and the "Democratic Technology Alliance" constructed by the U.S. is not monolithic. Fifth, severing technological network connections would lead to a "hegemony erosion effect." In response to the U.S.'s "Small Yard, High Fence" strategy, first, China should adhere to the principle of globalization and implement a general strategy of "Sticking to Opening-up and Promoting Cooperation". Second, China should implement a strategy of "deliberative dialogue" with the United States, using various communication and persuasion mechanisms in the international public space to maintain and expand communication, consultation, and trust between China and the U.S. Third, China should continue to promote multi-level technology diplomacy with other countries and regions, leveraging existing institutions, institutional transitions, and multilateral cooperation for multi-layered policy responses. Fourth, China should further strengthen its technological strategic autonomy, achieve key foundational breakthroughs, establish an alternative technology application system based on independent intellectual property, pay attention to intellectual property in innovation activities, optimize the business environment, advocate for research freedom, establish a fault-tolerant mechanism, and guard against the U.S.'s technological competition path misguidance.

• US intellectual property strategy against China and China's response
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 254-264.
• Abstract ( )
• With global scientific and technological innovation entering an unprecedentedly intensive period of activity, intellectual property is increasingly becoming the main battlefield of innovation competition between countries. In order to suppress China's technological innovation and economic development, the United States has launched an offensive against China's intellectual property field along the logic of "weak others" and "strong themselves”. This paper uses social network analysis to study the evolution of the focus of the US intellectual property strategy towards China in the initial, escalation, mitigation and adjustment stages of the Sino-US trade war. With the development of the trade war between China and the United States, the United States has comprehensively escalated its containment and suppression of China's intellectual property. The US intellectual property strategy towards China is increasingly characterized by diversified focus issues and network intensification. The first stage focuses on traditional intellectual property legislation, enforcement and protection; the second stage focuses on national intellectual property security; the third stage adds new concerns to drug protection and pharmaceutical innovation; and the fourth stage shows the tendency of coordination and cooperation while the United States continues to put pressure on China's intellectual property. The United States intellectual property strategy towards China can be summarized into six aspects: intellectual property legislation, intellectual property justice, intellectual property law enforcement, intellectual property supervision, intellectual property security, intellectual property and innovation. In addition to traditional intellectual property issues, China and the United States will engage in more intense intellectual property games in the field of science and technology security and innovation in the future. The US intellectual property strategy itself has many limitations, such as violating the objective laws of globalization, impeding the development of scientific and technological innovation, undermining the intellectual property interests of other countries, threatening the innovation ecosystem, restricting and suppressing the exchange of scientific and technological talents, and hindering global innovation cooperation. China's response strategy is also flawed, with a lack of forward-looking risk warning, a passive lag in response to repression, and a lack of timely and unimpeded dialogue and exchange mechanisms, leading to international misunderstandings about China's intellectual property protection. This paper takes the limitations of the US intellectual property strategy towards China and China's response as a breakthrough point. It provides policy suggestions for China's response from three aspects: top-level planning, industrial development, and key layout. At the top-level planning level, China should build a diversified intellectual property governance mechanism led by the government and coordinated by enterprises and industry associations, enhance the capacity of countermeasures and risk prediction in the field of intellectual property, and actively participate in international intellectual property governance. At the level of industrial development, China should adopt competitive, inclusive, self-strengthening and collaborative response strategies according to the actual situation of industrial development and the degree of US repression of China's intellectual property. In the areas that need to make breakthroughs, China should turn short-term actions into long-term actions, establish a monitoring body to closely follow the trend of the US intellectual property and innovation speech, build an intellectual property security discourse system in which China participates and occupies an important position, and strengthen the training of international intellectual property talents.

• A Comparative Study of Patent Technological Innovation Layout of Leading AI-Generated Content Frims in China and the U.S.
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 265-277.
• Abstract ( )
• The breakthrough of AI-Generated Content (AIGC) technology represented by ChatGPT has triggered widespread global attention, and a large number of leading enterprises with AIGC as their core business have emerged in China and the United States. The technological innovation layout of enterprises is closely related to their competitive strength, however, existing studies are less likely to provide practical reference for the development of China's AIGC industry from the comparative study of the technological innovation layout of AIGC leading enterprises in China and the U.S. Additionally, there are significant differences in the technological innovation layout between leading AIGC enterprises in China and the U.S. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a comparative study of the technological innovation layouts of the two countries. The paper collected data on over 3000 patents from 26 Chinese enterprises and 18 the U.S. enterprises, respectively. It constructed co-occurrence networks in the field of enterprise technological innovation, and through network analysis, established indicators for the technological innovation layout, including technological innovation breadth, depth, density, and separation. Based on these four indicators, the leading enterprises were clustered using K-means clustering analysis, thereby analyzing the differences in the technological innovation layout between leading enterprises in China and the U.S. It is found that that the core technological areas of technological innovation layout in AIGC enterprises in China and the U.S. are relatively consistent. There is no significant difference in technological innovation breadth (t=-0.698, p=0.489), but the U.S. enterprises perform better in technological innovation depth (t=5.891, p=0.000) and technological innovation separation (t=-2.831, p=0.004). It is evident that the U.S. enterprises tend to adopt an "offensive" technological innovation layout strategy, while China primarily adopts a defensive strategy. Furthermore, using the K-means clustering machine learning algorithm, the paper divided the 44 leading enterprises into four categories of technological innovation layouts: technological supportive, technological specialization, technological applied, and technological pioneering layouts. An analysis of the causes and consequences of these four types of technological innovation layouts was conducted. It was found that the formation of these four types of technological innovation layouts resulted from the interaction between external market changes and internal corporate innovation strategy adjustments, aiming to enhance competitiveness. Additionally, Chinese leading AIGC enterprises are lacking in technological implementation and B2B supportiveness. The paper also provides targeted recommendations for the technological innovation development of China's AIGC industry from both enterprise and industry perspectives. At the enterprise level, Chinese enterprises should focus on the R&D of core technologies, and conduct peripheral technology research based on new technologies. They should expand the field of technological innovation on the basis of forming a protection network for core technologies. At the industry level, efforts should be made to actively establish regular communication mechanisms within the industry, promote the exchange and dissemination of knowledge and information, enhance the technological innovation capabilities of enterprises, and address the shortcomings of support-type enterprises based on establishing industrial chains. Additionally, measures should be taken to prevent the technological monopoly of large enterprises from hindering the technological implementation of small enterprises.

• The Construction of the Connotation and Theoretical System of Innovation Chain in the New Era
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 278-290.
• Abstract ( )
• The high-quality development of the innovation chain revolves around driving industrial growth through technological innovation, optimizing existing industrial capacity, and promoting deep integration between technologies and industries. However, there lacks a unified understanding concerning the essential features, collaborative mechanisms, and process analysis within the context of the innovation chain, which in turn restricts its potential to unleash greater momentum in fostering new-type industrialization and expediting the emergence of novel productive forces. In response, this paper commences by systematically tracing the theoretical divisions and evolving conceptual connotations of the innovation chain. Subsequently, utilizing bibliometric analysis and qualitative methods, it decouples the core perspectives of understanding the innovation chain into three dimensions: the innovation entities, collaborative innovation, and the innovation process, thus constructing a comprehensive conceptual framework and theoretical system of the innovation chain. Moreover, amidst the inward-turning trend of global value chains, this paper thoroughly discerns the distinctive new characteristics, functional advantages, and theoretical underpinnings of the innovation chain vis-à-vis other concepts. Finally, grounded in the contemporary domestic and international context and empirical research, this paper advances a refined understanding of the essence and mechanism of the innovation chain, and further explores its practical implications for innovation entities, industries, and relevant policy formulation.

• Evolution of interdisciplinary research paradigms and development approach in scientometrics
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 291-299.
• Abstract ( )
• As a discipline that primarily employs quantitative methods to measure scientific activity, scientometrics has become an indispensable methodological tool for research policy research. However, there have always been voices questioning the validity of its measurements. This paper seeks to understand the characteristics and value of scientometrics by examining its complex historical origins and evolution. It aims to elucidate the intricate yet structured relationships between scientometrics and related fields such as the science of science, history of science and technology, sociology of science, philosophy of science, bibliometrics, research policy research, and computational sociology. The paper emphasizes that only within an interdisciplinary research paradigm can scientometrics achieve the unity of instrumental rationality and value rationality, thereby more objectively and effectively measuring scientific progress and providing robust support for insights into science and technology development.

• Optimization Study of Technology Opportunity Identification Methods from the Perspective of the Gap Between Science and Technology
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 300-310.
• Abstract ( )
• Technology opportunity identification using the concept of the gap between science and technology has attracted attention in the academic community. However, there is limited research that considers the exploration of deep semantic features in scientific and technical literature to enhance the interpretability of technology opportunity identification results. This study proposes a novel method that combines SAO (Subject-Action-Object) semantic structure with BERTopic to address this gap. The proposed method utilizes a deep pre-trained language model to establish a correlation matrix between scientific and technical literature and SAO-annotated technical terms. By leveraging the output of the language model, the method captures the underlying semantic relationships between the literature and technical terms, enabling a more comprehensive analysis. In a sequential manner, the method focuses on identifying the gap between science and technology. For scientific literature, a combination of OPTICS (Ordering Points to Identify the Clustering Structure) and DBSCAN (Density—Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise) algorithms is employed to extract technological topics. The advantage of this combined algorithm is its ability to perform outlier detection while clustering topics, without the need for complex parameter tuning. This feature contributes to its efficiency, making it a practical and effective approach for technology opportunity identification. In the context of extracting technological topics from patent literature, the study employs the GTM (Generative Topographic Mapping) Patent Map method to effectively identify and map technology vacuums. In the final stage, the method employs TF-IDF (Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency) cosine similarity to identify and filter scientifically feasible gaps between science and technology as potential technology opportunities. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed method, the study applies it to the domain of solar thermal power generation technology. The scientific and technical literature from 2013 to 2022 serves as an empirical case. The results demonstrate the applicability of the method, with scientific topics clustered into three classes and 22 outliers identified. In addition, the analysis of patent literature reveals four technology vacuums that effectively reflect areas with valuable information. By screening the gap between science and technology, the study identifies four potential technology opportunities, including coating technology based on metals, ceramics, and powders, vacuum powder insulation methods, tube and plate collector devices, molten salt materials based on chlorides and nitrates. Importantly, these opportunities align with the actual application of technologies in the field. In summary, this research enriches and extends the existing methods for technology opportunity identification by combining SAO semantic structure and BERTopic, as well as integrating the methods of OPTICS and DBSCAN. The combination of these approaches enhances the interpretability and efficiency of technology opportunity identification. The findings of the study provide valuable insights for professionals in relevant technology fields, enabling them to assess technology development trends and identify potential areas for innovation. In conclusion, the proposed method improves interpretability while maintaining efficiency. The empirical case in solar thermal power generation technology validates the effectiveness of the approach, leading to the identification of four potential technology opportunities. This research contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive and efficient method for technology opportunity identification, benefiting professionals in technology-related domains.

• Research on the Mechanisms of Public Adoption of Emerging Technologies in China —— Micro Evidence Based on Social Experiments on Automated Driving Vehicles
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 311-324.
• Abstract ( )
• Automated driving vehicles, as a critical domain in the technological revolution following the internet and smartphones, are helpful for industrialization in fostering and developing new quality productivity. And the role of public acceptance in this context is crucial. This study innovatively introduces "perceived risk, media influence, personal innovativeness, vehicle service level, service threshold, and social value" into an extended technology acceptance model to construct a theoretical model of public acceptance of automated driving vehicles. Leveraging first-hand data from 1178 social experiment survey questionnaires, the study employs a structural equation model to empirically explore the influencing mechanisms of the Chinese public's adoption of automated driving vehicles. The research results indicate that personal innovativeness, usage intention, and perceived risk directly influence the public's behavior in using automated driving vehicles, with the former two being positive influences and the latter a negative influence. Meanwhile, personal innovativeness and perceived risk also have indirect positive and negative effects, respectively, on the public's usage behavior. Perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness positively influence the public's intention to use autonomous driving vehicles, thus indirectly affecting their usage behavior positively. Service threshold, vehicle service level, and social value have indirect positive effects on the public's usage behavior through the mediating roles of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and usage intention. Media influence positively affects perceived usefulness and negatively affects perceived risk, indirectly influencing the public's intention and behavior in using autonomous driving vehicles positively.

• Research on the implementation mechanism of industrial internet platforms enable the digital innovation of the manufacturing enterprise value chain
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 325-336.
• Abstract ( )

• Does high-risk, high-reward funding contribute to novelty? --Bibliometric coupling network analysis based on scholarly big data
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 337-347.
• Abstract ( )
• Conventional competitive funding program is prone to encourage scientists to avoid risks and engage in conservative research, which has attracted widespread attentions from the scientific community. Funding for high-risk, high-reward research is considered an effective way to address this issue. Such funding program deems to support research with high risks, aiming to produce breakthrough, transformative, and innovative results. Given that the original and disruptive research in basic science is limited in China, empirical analysis of the effects of high-risk, high-reward funding programs has substantial societal impacts. In this paper, we focus on the “New Innovator Award” from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and consider the conventional R01 project as a control group. By constructing a bibliometric coupling network of papers, we use community structures in network theory, knowledge graphs, and citations to quantify the effect of “high-risk, high-reward” projects. Moreover, we also analyze the moderating effects of individual characteristics. We find that: (1) “High-risk, high-reward” projects encourage scientists to engage in exploratory research, and papers funded by such projects have higher novelty. (2) Papers funded by “high-risk, high-reward” projects have higher citations. (3) Individual characteristics have significant moderating effects: age and gender strengthen the positive relationship between “high-risk, high-reward” projects and novelty, while female scientists weaken such positive relationship. This paper has policy implications for the government and funding agencies.

• Enterprises Carry Out Basic Research: Government Support or Market-Driven?
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 348-357.
• Abstract ( )
• Basic research has the characteristics of long investment cycle, low probability of success and strong spillover of results, which leads to the relative lack of incentives for enterprises to carry out basic research, limiting the generation and transformation of new knowledge for the market. How to effectively motivate enterprises to carry out basic research? Based on the annual statistical data of Zhongguancun enterprises from 2009 to 2018, this paper analyzes theoretically and empirically the driving factors for enterprises to carry out basic research from two dimensions of government and market respectively. The findings are as follows: First, government support significantly promotes enterprises to carry out basic research on the whole. When government support increases by 1%, the number of scientific and technological papers published by enterprises increases by about 0.4%. Among all kinds of government support policies, supply-side support policies such as government departments' science and technology funds and high-tech enterprises' tax reduction and exemption policies have the most significant and stable positive impact on basic research. Second, the driving effect of market on enterprise basic research needs to be further strengthened, the incentive effect of market competition effect is limited, and the promoting effect of productivity relative level is more significant. Third, by measuring the contribution degree of each influencing factor, it is found that the enterprise size has the largest contribution degree to basic research, followed by R&D subsidies and tax incentives. This study provides empirical evidence for balancing government and market forces and scientifically and effectively formulating incentive policies to encourage enterprises to carry out basic research.

• The Driving Mechanism and Enhancement Path of Digital Economy for Industrial Leapfrogging: Based on the mediating role of science and technology innovation and the regulating effect of industrial ecology
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 358-370.
• Abstract ( )
• As the main engine of industrial development, the digital economy exerts a significant driving effect on industrial leapfrogging. To investigate whether and how the digital economy promotes industrial leapfrogging, this study conducted an in-depth analysis using data from 30 provincial regions in China from 2011 to 2021. The research findings indicate that the digital economy significantly propels industrial leapfrogging, with industrial digitization making a more significant contribution. Simultaneously, both industrial digitization and digital industrialization exhibit an "inverted U-shaped" trend associated with industrial leapfrogging. In addition, through a threshold model, this paper finds that grasping the scale of industrial agglomeration plays a crucial role in the process of digital economy driving industrial leapfrogging. This study deepens the understanding of the factors of industrial leapfrogging and the effects and mechanisms of the digital economy on industrial development, highlights the importance of the quality of technological innovation and industrial ecology, and provides both a theoretical basis and empirical support for government policy-making in the development of the digital economy.

• Multiple Institutional Logic, Heterogeneity of Enterprises, and Technological Innovation Strategy of New Energy Vehicle Enterprises
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 371-381.
• Abstract ( )
• Based on the perspective of multiple institutional logic and enterprise heterogeneity, an analytical framework is constructed to explore the formation mechanism of enterprise technology innovation strategies, with GAC Group and BYD as research objects. Research has found that (1) institutional complexity and corporate heterogeneity lead to heterogeneity in the technological innovation strategies of new energy vehicle enterprises, resulting in differences in the effectiveness of technological innovation strategies. (2) Under similar complex environments, heterogeneity of enterprises leads to differences in response willingness, thereby affecting the innovation of enterprise technology innovation strategies. (3) In the long run, the technological innovation strategy of new energy vehicle enterprises has achieved similar results, and the technological innovation strategy of heterogeneous enterprises has achieved similar results. The research conclusion of this article helps to deepen the understanding of the mechanism of technological innovation strategy for new energy vehicle enterprises in China and provides beneficial practical inspiration for the government and enterprises to accelerate the advancement of new energy vehicle technology breakthroughs.

• Evaluation and improvement mechanisms of the comprehensive competitiveness of the large language model industrial innovation ecosystem
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 382-393.
• Abstract ( )
• The "main battlefield" of global large language model innovation competition is spreading from the R&D end to the industrial end. Exploring the scientific evaluation system and improvement mechanism of the competitiveness of the large language model industry innovation ecosystem has important theoretical value and practical significance for guiding the construction of the large model ecosystem and forming the competitive advantage of the national large language model ecosystem. Based on the theory of industrial competitive advantage and innovation ecosystem, this study constructed an evaluation index system to measure the comprehensive competitiveness level of the large language model industrial innovation ecosystem. This evaluation system starts from R&D, technology, and application, covering 24 indicators in three aspects: industrial chain self-controllable, technological innovation capability, and innovation ecosystem maturity. This article studies the implementation of classification evaluation for two types of large language models (open source and closed source), and sets baseline, development, and enhancement three types of indicators based on the improvement of the competitiveness of large models to adapt to the characteristics and needs of the development of large models. The results indicate that the competitiveness of large models exhibits dynamic evolution patterns due to the model lifecycle, and their competitiveness improvement are influenced by both internal governance mechanism and innovation policies. At the key stage of the ecological development of the large model industry, this article innovatively proposes a competitiveness evaluation system and improvement mechanisms, which provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for promoting the high-quality development of the large language model industry ecology.

• The Boundaries and Expansion of Personal Information Reuse in Scientific Research --Perspective of the Principle of Purpose Limitation
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 406-413.
• Abstract ( )
• In the era of big data, personal information is not only a new type of resource, but also one of the key elements of social production and technological progress, so the protection and utilization of personal information should not be neglected. The sharing and flow of personal information and other reuse activities involve a change in the purpose of personal information processing, and the principle of purpose limitation established in China's Personal Information Protection Law ignores the special nature of personal information processing in scientific research scenarios, leading to generalization and closure of the boundary of personal information reuse. At the sacrifice of the value of the reuse of information, only considering the rights and interests of the subject of information and requiring complete symmetry of information control between the subject of personal information and the controller of information, the principle of purpose limitation established in China, on the one hand, lacks the differentiation of governance of the reuse of information and ignores the demand for reuse of personal information in the context of scientific research; on the other hand, the restricted limit of reuse induces the controller of information to break through the requirement of the clarity of the initial purpose of the collection of information, theoretically ignoring the public nature of personal information and impeding the realization of the value of the data, which reflects the imbalance between the protection of personal information and its use. Thus, these loopholes need to be addressed urgently. By introducing the theory of scenario consistency, the article examines and distills the framework of the scenario-based personal information reuse rules set up by the European Union under the dualistic combination of different scenarios and purposes. The personal information governance legislation represented by the European Union has constructed a differentiated governance linking scenarios and purposes and adopted a narrow-in, wide-out reuse restriction, which makes the subject of personal information as well as the processor of information assess the risk of information utilization by establishing the scale of flexible utilization of personal information in different scenarios to provide support for the progress of the digital economy and scientific and technological innovation. Therefore, on the basis of clarifying the limitations of the national legislation, we combine the theory of scenario consistency with the classification and hierarchical protection of data to form a comprehensive program for the protection and utilization of personal information. First, the relevance and risk factors should be taken into account in order to break through the boundaries of personal information reuse. China can determine whether the reuse of information is reasonable in terms of the degree of relevance and the degree of risk by combining all factors in the four elements, to break through the "closed" limits of reuse under the principle of purpose limitation and to broaden the boundaries of the reuse of information. The four elements are: the relationship between the purpose for which the information was collected and the purpose for which it was subsequently processed, the context in which the information was collected, the nature of the information and the impact of its further processing, and information security measures. Secondly, the "purpose exemption" privilege and risk control rules for the reuse of personal information are set up for scientific research scenarios. In terms of determining the degree of relevance of fair use, since scientific research activities involve significant public interest, further processing of information in this way should not be considered as a violation of the initial purpose limitation rule. On the other hand, in terms of determining the level of risk in fair use, the "purpose exemption" privilege requires the control of the risk of the information, complementing the additional safeguards for the security of the information after the change of purpose. Finally, as a response mechanism to the risk of information reuse, it is necessary to shift the focus of information governance from front-end control of information collection by the subject of personal information to back-end information processing. For example, additional information should be provided to information subjects and an opt-out mechanism should be provided, and administrative review should be introduced as a means of redress in cases where the use of the opt-out mechanism by the information subject is ineffective.

• Research on Governance over Ethics of AI4Health/Medicine: Problems, Dilemmas and Solutions
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 414-422.
• Abstract ( )
• Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) within healthcare and public health sectors have spurred the development of AI4Health/Medicine technologies, introducing innovative dynamics into the healthcare system. While underscoring the efficiency, advanced capabilities, precision, and personalization of medical services enabled by AI, acknowledging the centrality of ethical issues to the sustainable development of AI4Health/Medicine is crucial. Without proper regulation, the ethical risks associated with AI4Health/Medicine could engender severe negative consequences upon its widespread application in clinical and social contexts. Ethical risks in technology, leading to damage to social trust and harm to stakeholders such as patients, physicians, and smart health product consumers, are intolerable without stringent ethical regulations. Therefore, it is essential to establish an effective governance system to ensure the ethical integrity and social viability of AI4Health/Medicine technology. Integrating technological ethics and addressing social concerns within the AI4Health/Medicine framework, assessing potential risks from technological innovation, and enhancing governance over ethics are imperative. This article builds upon existing academic findings concerning ethical issues in AI4Health/Medicine, with a focus on governance over ethics as the core subject. By examining current studies on the governance over ethics of AI4Health/Medicine, this paper analyzes its challenges and limitations. Building on this analysis, the paper explores the difficulties and dilemmas of governance over ethics in AI4Health/Medicine, proposing a theoretical framework for achieving development goals. This study reveals that the innovation and application of AI4Health/Medicine conceal unforeseen and manageable ethical risks and issues. Furthermore, the disruptive changes in healthcare and public health due to AI4Health/Medicine technology render ethical issues and governance indispensable to the ongoing transformation of medical intelligence. The governance over ethics of AI4Health/Medicine differs from that of other AI forms. The ethical issues of AI4Health/Medicine exhibit three distinct characteristics: contextual sensitivity, non-closure, and unique trust relationships. Consequently, the management of AI4Health/Medicine's ethical issues requires systematic, platform-based governance projects for comprehensive support. Given the social concerns regarding AI4Health/Medicine, collaborating with effective governance mechanisms to prevent the pitfalls of medical technologism, avoid technology's alienation due to ethical issues, and uphold a people-oriented approach is crucial. This suggests that developing a system for the governance over ethics of AI4Health/Medicine aims to foster sustainable innovation and ensure the transformation of medical intelligence aligns with humanistic care principles. Building on this, the article outlines four practical approaches centered on the ethical values of AI4Health/Medicine: (1) The ethical value of technology constitutes the cornerstone of AI4Health/Medicine's governance over ethics, transforming ethical regulations into value objectives pursued consistently throughout the governance process; (2) Collaboration among governance entities is centered on shared ethical values, eschewing disputes over the maximization of interests; (3) Governance over ethics in AI4Health/Medicine requires that value requirements transcend mere conceptualization to become institutionalized, guaranteeing their applicability and stability; (4) The achievement of governance over ethics in AI4Health/Medicine necessitates continual adjustments in light of evolving scenarios and technological progress. This allows us to guide, adapt, and realize a "goodness-oriented" ethical vision, harnessing governance over ethics initiatives during the transformation of medical intelligence, thereby advancing the objective of enhancing AI4Health/Medicine technology.

• Multi-layered Spatial Concentration of Patents and the Roles of Co-patenting and Inventors in Beijing
• 2025 Vol. 43 (2): 437-448.
• Abstract ( )
• This paper aims at analyzing the extent of multilayer spatial concentration of patents in Beijing (2020), and the roles of co-patenting and inventors, using invention patent microdata, standard deviational ellipse (SDE), hexagonal grids, and the relative concentration coefficient. The results show: (1) The extent of spatial concentration of patents in Beijing is higher than that of patent locations, with its coefficient of spatial concentration 63.27% higher than the latter; (2) The spatial pattern of patents exhibits a highly concentrated, "入" shaped core, with an area of 450 km2, density 10.43 times that of patent locations; (3) Co-patents show a higher level of spatial concentration, with the area of its ellipse 58.31% of that of the patents, and its coefficient of relative concentration 5.2% higher than that of patents. This suggests that co-patenting increases the extent of patent agglomeration in Beijing. Moreover, the spatial agglomeration of co-patents shows a single, "n" shaped core. (4) Co-patent is constrained by the universities’ distribution in Beijing, followed by enterprises and research institutions. Finally, policy implications are discussed.