Abstract: This article focuses on the contradiction between the business operation and legal identity of new R&D institutions, and constructs a theoretical analysis framework of “legal identity-action environment-organizational behavior-organizational performance” to explore the internal mechanism of the contradiction’s impact on the operational performance of institutions. The article uses the data from the Ministry of Science and Technology’s survey of 2412 new R&D institutions nationwide in 2022 to empirically test the theoretical analysis conclusions. Overall, new R&D institutions, based on the diverse business operation requirements defined by the “Law of Scientific and Technological Progress,” have the attributes of public welfare and market hybridity, while based on the provisions of the “Civil Code” regarding legal identity, they only have a single attribute of public welfare or market. There exists a contradiction between the two. This contradiction constrains the development of the diverse business of new R&D institutions, and may lead to the possibility of these institutions deviating from their original functional positioning and returning to a single-functional attribute organization. The government should focus on the long-term, healthy, and sustainable development of the new R&D institutions, carry out institutional innovation, and construct targeted regulatory norms and systematic support policies based on the functional positioning and the consideration of the public welfare and market attributes of these institutions.

摘要： 本文针对新型研发机构业务运行与法人身份的属性矛盾问题，构建了“法人身份-行动环境-组织行为-组织绩效”的理论分析框架，探讨这对矛盾影响机构运营绩效的内在机理，并采用科技部2022年对全国2412家新型研发机构的调查数据，对理论分析结论进行实证检验。总体来看，新型研发机构基于《科技进步法》界定的多元业务运行要求具有公益和市场混成属性，基于《民法典》法人身份规制则仅具有公益或市场的单一属性，两者之间存在矛盾。这对矛盾制约了新型研发机构多元业务的开展，进而具有导致新型研发机构在发展中偏离原始功能定位，回归单一功能属性组织的可能性。政府应着眼新型研发机构群体的长期、健康、可持续发展开展制度创新，构建基于新型研发机构功能定位以及兼顾公益和市场混成属性特征的针对性制度规范和系统性支持政策。