With the transformation from academy science to post academy science, the scientific community and the government, enterprises, the public form a funnel-shaped structure, which the main features are alliance, nested and public absence. The structure although has promoted the rapid development of science and technology, but led to the expansion of social risks and the increase in the problem, which further exacerbated the tense relationship between science and society. Fundamentally, science & Technology embeds in society. Therefore, science & Technology and society must keep balanced tension in order to benefit and not endanger the society. For the balanced tension, we should construct a symmetrical governance structure of Science & Technology. Based on the theoretical basis and practice of scientific governance, the paper proposes a diamond-shaped to replace the funnel-shape of governance structure. The new governance structure requires to establish distributed "scientific republic", reshape the public's function and structure position, determine the system boundaries, develop intermediary organization and "scientific brokers", set the democratic consultation platform.
Central to robot ethics are the issues of moral responsibility agent and responsibility distribution. This essay argues that the designer, manufacturer and user of robot should be responsible for the consequences of its operation while robot has increasing autonomous and learning ability. It is necessary to identify the assignment of moral responsibility and set up possible mechanism in order to avoid “organized irresponsibility”. In addition, the majority of legal scholars argue that manufacturer, seller and user, not the vehicle itself, should be responsible for accidents caused by autonomous vehicle, which prove the rationality of moral responsibility distribution in robot ethics.
This paper drew on the theory of ‘scientific field’ by Bourdieu, proposed the hypothesis that in scientific field of different levels of autonomy the political capital would have different effects. To test this hypothesis, this paper focused on the number of papers published by scientists within the last three years and examined the different effects of administration position factor in publishing ‘fields’ of different autonomy. The paper distinguished two types of ‘fields’ of different autonomy, which is discipline and the level of journals. Using the data from a survey on Chinese scientists, the different effects of administration position were proved, conforming that the autonomy of scientific field will influence the relationships between scientific and political powers of the field.
Strategic Emerging Industries (SEIs) are typical industries driven by technological innovation. Through the systemic analysis, this paper summarizes three important characteristics of technological innovation in SEIs: multi-dimensional innovation uncertainty, multi-scale enterprises symbiosis, multi-industries cross fusion. And then we abstract two important variables that influence the strategy and mode selection of SEIs, which are specialization and versatility of technology demand and the internalization or externalization of innovation source. Through the combinatorial analysis of two variables, this paper puts forward four modes of technological innovation of SEIs in China, namely, spillover mode, alliance mode, supply mode and mass customization mode. The paper analyzes connotation of the four models comprehensively from purposes, advantages, core, key, risks, and benefits. At last, it gives four typical case analysis with Huawei, Foshan Ceramics Industry Technology Alliance, Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Microelectronics and China Automotive Technology Research Center as examples. The technical innovation model proposed in this paper has guiding value for the technological innovation practice and the healthy development of SEIs in China.
The paper based on the theory of human capital and industrial cluster, collecting China nearly a decade high technology industry and high-tech talent panel data, calculated the high-tech talent and high technology industry location quotient of 29 provinces and cities, using STATA12.0 analyzed high-tech talents and other various factors that maybe impact on high technology industry agglomeration. The results showed that influence each other between talent agglomeration and industry cluster, openness, policy, transportation and other factors on the different regional high-tech industry agglomeration exert different influence; Also found that the eastern region of high-tech talent agglomeration degree is high, the high technology industry development is good, the central region, west of Shanxi province is the only one belongs to talent agglomeration and industry cluster is to enter the top ten provinces in the country.
Technological innovation can be divided into high-level technological innovation and low-level technological innovation according to its level, and their effects on technological progress are not same. In this paper, the effects of five independent variables, such as high-level technological innovation, low-level technological innovation, technical imitation, technology spillover and reverse technology spillovers, on technological progress is analyzed by Path coefficient analysis. Though the analysis on the direct path coefficient, the value of the high-level technological innovation is the largest; and the value of the low-level technological innovation is the largest on the total indirect path coefficients; on the indirect path coefficients of each variable, the coefficients of the different independent variables show different characteristics, but they have some similarities.
Abstract: Start-ups have to face the matching problem between external resources context and their resources-focused action during development. Through the case study, we investigate the evolutionary path and mechanism of resource-focused action in start-up business. The result shows:(1) the resource-focused action of start-up business goes through resource bricolage, resource configutation to resource orchestration during development; (2) entrepreneurship, external opportunity and orgnizational capability are the main influence factors; (3) the revolution of entrepreneurship, external opportunity and orgnizational capability promote the revolution of resource-focused action. This research develops the basic awareness of resource-focused action and puts forward the evolutionary mechanism of resource-focused action, which develops RBT and and guides the resources-focused action of start-ups.
Based on data of high-tech enterprises in Zhongguancun Haidian Science Park from 2008 to 2015, Generalized Propensity Score model is used in this paper to describe dynamic effect curve of intensity change of financial support on R&D expenditure of enterprises with different size and ownership, quantify and evaluate implementation effect of financial support on stimulating R&D activity of high-tech enterprises. The results reveal that: For high-tech enterprises with different size, management level, human resources, research capacity and state-owned character all have positive relationship with financial support that enterprises receive; Financial support can effectively improve R&D enthusiasm of high-tech enterprises with different sizes and there are “saturation points” of marginal effects ,the incentive effect on small enterprises is generally larger than large and medium-sized enterprises; To further subdivide enterprises ownership, it can be found that incentive effect of financial support on non-state-owned enterprises is more significant and the influence range is larger. The conclusions provide some policy implications to optimize the allocation of financial resources and promote the development of technology finance.
Using a sample of Chinese A-share companies from 2009 to 2015, this paper, employing DID method, empirically examines the impact of accelerated depreciation policy of fixed assets issued by The State Council of China on corporate R&D expenditure. We find that this policy increases the corporate R&D expenditure significantly, and the impact is more pronounced in companies which apply to higher business income taxes rate or locate in provinces that have lower marketization level. Additionally, the policy affects corporate R&D expenditure through reducing a firm’ tax burden. Further analysis shows that the policy not only enhances a firm’s expenditure on physical asset using for R&D, but also promotes a firm’s investment on human resources.
Abstract: the survival of Chinese R&D firm is the key for the implementation of development strategy of Chinese innovation policy. Presently, part of R&D firms appears behavior distorted, which lead to another purpose in product innovation. The fact makes the survival of Chinese R&D firm are both complicated and considerable research value. The paper uses event history analysis method in the field of biological and extended Cox model to trace the living situation and survival premium. The paper finds, first, Chinese R&D firm does not exist a significant survival premium, once exclude zombie firms, the survival premium can reduce 7.25% survival risk; Second, there is not simple linear relationship between R&D intensity and survival, which appears roughly "U" shaped; Finally, substantive innovation R&D firm can significantly reduce the risk of survival and has larger survival premium, however, R&D behavior distorted firm has not exist survival premium effect. This conclusion reveals that an important reason of the R&D firm in China generally has no obvious survival premium is research behavior distorted swallowed a survival premium of substantive innovation R&D firm. Then, when China is implementing innovation incentive policies to carry out substantive innovation, they establish the corresponding mechanism to reverse the distortion of research behavior at the same time.
This paper investigates the determinants of the formation of patent pool from two aspects, i. e. , technology diversification and network positions by adopting the USPTO retrieved 166 companies in the DVD industry as research samples. It argues that the network positions play a moderating role in affecting the relationship between corporate diversified technology and the formation of patent pool. The results suggest that the higher degree of enterprises diversified technology the more easily join the patent pool. The more central and intermediary positions in the network, the greater probability of added patent pool. Meanwhile, the network centrality and intermediary play a positively moderating the relationship between diversified technology and the formation of patent pool.
Based on the concept of knowledge stock,firms are devided into innovation leaders and innovation followers, and then we modifies the technological-push, demand-pull model of firm R&D developed by Lee(2009) to find the differences between the R&D investment decisions of the two kinds of firms in different stages of their industry lives.Using the data of the pharmaceutical firms and the computer and office equipment manufacturing firms which are listed on Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2012-2015,the differences are proven.The result shows that compared to the innovation followers,the innovation leaders in the growth stage of the industry life cycle are more likely to exhibit a higher level of R&D investment when facing the intensifying competitive market pressure .During the mature stage of the industry life cycle,innovation followers prefer to improve the level of R&D investment when facing the intensifying competitive market pressure and the innovation leaders do not.
The creative research group project is one of the talent’s projects, which is funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China, and has the dual attributes of basic research and cultivating talent and team. The governance problems produced in operation need to be resolved in theory. The primary of problem solving is to clarify the organizational nature of creative research group, and open the "black box" of governance structure. The governance structure dimensions of transaction cost theory is extended. In five dimensions, the creative research group has strong asset specificity, uncertainty and transaction frequency, and also high task complexity and teamwork quality. In addition, the creative research group is the intermediate organization between "little science" and "big science" organizations, and it’s the scientific research cooperation network organization with strong stability and sustainability. And the ideal governance structure trend is network governance. In five dimensions, only the implementation of network governance of creative research group, can achieve a reasonable allocation of resources, transaction cost minimization and teamwork effectiveness maximization, and achieve the goal of cultivating and bringing up the first-class research group in the international scientific frontier.
This article firstly classifies the external resources into five innovation cycles, and then an open collaborative innovation network model is constructed. Furthermore, based on analysis on the collaboration modes including innovative initiatives, IPR transactions, joint projects and innovation alliance, six evaluation indexes are built including integration easiness, invested capital, collaboration guarantee, innovative capacity, communication easiness and contract-performing capability combining the ranking standard, then a DEMTEL-ANP based methodology is adopted to analyze the influence and correlation relationship. Afterwards, a fuzzy evaluation method through multiple experts’ viewpoints is utilized to assess the comprehensive capacities of external resources, in which a fuzzy instance measure method is adopted to compare the fuzzy numbers relating to each candidate. In the final, a case study was taken to verify the proposed theory and methodology, which comes up with a consistent evaluation result under different attitudes (conservative, risky and neutral) of experts. The outcome of this study can be of reference for those enterprises during their process of selection, evaluation and management of external resources under collaborative innovation scenario.
In the context of comprehensively deepening and actively promoting the reform, the academic world lacks theoretical and empirical studies on the influences of governmental behaviors on enterprise innovation performance from the perspective of streamlining administration and delegating power to enterprises. Based on the relevant theories, with 457 small and medium-sized technology-based enterprises in China as research object, the paper explores the relationship between streamlining administration and delegating power to enterprise, enterprise vitality and enterprise innovation performance. Besides, empirical approaches are applied to verify the influence mechanism of streamlining administration and delegating power to enterprise on enterprise innovation performance. As indicated by the results, streamlining administration and delegating power to enterprises can be divided into two dimensions, namely simplifying administrative procedures and giving autonomy to enterprises. Both of them can have a significantly positive influence on enterprise vitality and enterprise innovation performance. Furthermore, the interaction of “simplifying administrative procedures” and “giving autonomy to enterprises” also have a significantly positive influence on enterprise vitality and enterprise innovation performance. In addition, enterprise vitality plays part of the intermediary role in both the relationship between “simplifying administrative procedures” and enterprise innovation performance and the relationship between “giving autonomy to enterprises” and enterprise innovation performance, but it has a more significant intermediary role when it comes to the relationship between “giving autonomy to enterprises” and enterprise innovation performance. On this basis, the paper further summarizes the theoretical contribution and practical significance of this study.
The newly incubated startups implement entrepreneurial orientation and innovative drive strategies facing high risks, high failure ratios and high heterogeneity, and how to practice innovation and entrepreneurship step by step steady win, which has aroused academic community to explore the issue. On the basis of theories of network routine and knowledge spiral, this paper establishes the “Entrepreneurial orientation and innovative drive --- Network routine --- Enterprise performance and capability” structural equation model, and carries out empirical analysis using the samples of newly incubated startups in Chinese context Tianjin six areas and the surrounding areas. The results show that the innovative drive, entrepreneurial orientation and network routine respectively affect the enterprise performance and capability positively and significantly, and the innovative drive and entrepreneurial orientation respectively affects the network embedding positively and significantly, and the network routine generates partial mediating effects, and the knowledge spiral positively adjusts the mediating effects of network routine, and further study the affect difference of the different levels of knowledge spiral development capacity.
