The theory and practice of science communication have entered a new field of “public engagement with science” after the stage of “science popularization”, “public understanding of science” and “scientific dialogue”. However, the core-practice of traditional “public engagement with science” is more concentrated about the scientific democracy and scientific decision-making. The conception of “citizen science” has taken the practice of “public engagement with science” to a new field of scientific knowledge producing. This paper cards the proposing and development of the conception of “citizen science” in the Western research context and then compares it with the other conceptions of science communication. This paper also interprets the practice model of “citizen science” with some examples. Finally, this paper gives some future discussion under the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of “citizen science” practice. The research of “citizen science” can not only help us to get touch with the research of science communication theory in Western research context, but also can help us to promote the development of public scientific literacy with a new theory and practice methods.
“Cognitivism” pursues the design activities’ certainty from scientific studies’ models, but it misses the social orientation. So it is difficult to implement effectively in reality. Design methodology has turned from cognitivism’s paradigm to STS paradigm, which puts the design activities in social studies and reveals design activities’ social factors. The STS paradigm is not to criticize the scientific nature and autonomy of design in essence but to provide a new framework for the sociological analysis of design activities. The design of NanJing Yangtze River Bridge’s “clearance” shows that design and society are mutually constructed. On the one hand, the political and economic factors in society affect the construction and formation of design; on the other hand, design also reacts to the reconstruction of social orders.
This paper is intended to introduce the famous dispute among the American biologists Zhuohua Pan, Karl Deisseroth and Edward Boyden, and further analyze the “inaccurate judgment”, “submission strategy” of academic papers, and the matter of keeping academic secrets and propaganda. The final conclusion is that the academia is supposed to make strong attempts to get rid of the matter of personal interest which lies behind various academic disputes, and return to the traditional “Merton Complementarity”.
Agglomeration economies will produce agglomeration effect or congestion effect,which including economies of scale and scope two forms.The article select agglomeration effect and congestion effect as the breakthrough point,combined with Combined with C-D production function and CES function setted withArrow,we introduce agglomeration into production function to influence TFP and labors,which puts forward that agglomeration effect or congestion effect would have influence on industrial growth by influencing TFP or labors.On this basis,we use specialization index and diversity index as agglomeration economies of scale and scope,then we use fixed effect panel model and system GMM model to research the relationship between agglomeration and industrial growth.The results shows that,firstly,at the beginning of the process of agglomeration,economies of scale(specialization index)has a great push on industrial growth,but it will hindered by congestion effects caused by over-agglomerate.however,economies of scope has ability to cure the hardships during the beginnings while the costs is very high,it will promote industrial development,the two have complementary advantages.Secondly,specialization and diversity index could promote TFP through agglomeration economies of scale and scope,which formed inverted “U”,robustness test more highlights the agglomeration economies of scope.Thirdly,agglomeration economies of scale still be the dominant path of industry cluster in our country, diversified economyrising in some places.
Enlightened by Adner’s study on influences of technological challenges’ on innovation ecosystem, the paper takes Hangzhou security surveillance system and Wenzhou shoemaking industrial clusters as cross case studies to explore how position of technological challenges along industrial chain affect industrial clusters across different technological level. By semi-structured interviews, second-hand data and peer-reviewed journal keyword analysis, the paper describes the industrial chain structure and technological change of the clusters mentioned above, and focus on how the upstream component suppliers and downstream complementors’ technological challenges influence focal firm and cluster performance. Findings are as follows: first, in context of high-tech industry, upstream component suppliers’ technological challenges are positively related to focal firm and cluster performance, while downstream complementors’ technological challenges have reducing effects. Second, in context of low-tech industry, no significant relationship is found between upstream component suppliers’ technological challenges, local firm and cluster performance, while downstream complementors’ technological challenges facilitates focal firm and cluster performance.
Considerable achievenments have been achieved by China in terms of the volume of patent applications and patent grants. However, there are also issues, including the domestic concentration of patent applications. As the key link of government performance management, the role of goal-setting in them needs to be verified. Base on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2001-2010, this paper use Difference-in-difference (DID) model to study the impact of setting a goal of the invention patent grant amount in the five-year-plan on the number of invention patent grant and the proportion of overseas invention patent applications. The results show that setting a goal of the invention patent grant amount in the five-year-plan has a significant positive impact on the number of invention patent grant , and poses a significant negative impact on the proportion of overseas invention patent. The current number-oriented patent goal-setting makes the government pay high attention to promoting the growth of the number of patents, but the original meaning of patents intellectual property protection always be ignored.
Shared bike is an innovative product that has been booming in recent years. This article investigates the dominant design and standard battles in the shared bicycle industry through the social network analysis method. Based on the patent portfolio of the two leading companies Mobike and ofo, and using the IPC classification information, this study finds that ofo's patent portfolio focused on the lock and control system of bicycles, while Mobike covers the complete technical areas of shared bikes, from smart-lock including satellite positioning and network communication, to new mechanical structure and driving design. Although ofo firstly starts the business model innovation of shared bikes, Mobike leads the dominant design with the advantage of patent portfolio, and further affects the establishment of industry technical standards. However, the smart-lock and power supply system does not form a unified standard, may become the core content of the next round technological competition. This research provides some new insights into the innovation strategy of emerging industries.
Credit management has been an important trends in science and technology policy and management in recent years, and management on organizational credits for research program performers is actually a new requirement on national level. To support the relevant policies, the focus of this article is the connotation and mechanism of the concept of “organizational credits”. From the perspective of contractual relationship, it is demonstrated that contractual relationship between research program performers and funding agencies is the basis for the former’s organizational credit, and the imperfection of contract actually determines the imperfection of credit. Then the basic model of organizational credit is constructed to illustrate the form mechanism of credit. Finally, combined with facts and situations in Chinese science and technology communities, some relevant suggestions about future policy making in credit managements are raised.
Based on the citation data of 52 sample countries and regions around the world, this paper analyzes the internal mechanism of international knowledge flow from two perspectives of individuals and pairs of countries; and then uses the negative binomial regression model to test the key factors influencing the performance of national knowledge flows and the inter-country knowledge flows. The results showed that: (1) the effect of international cooperation on national knowledge flow performance under different time-lags is different. (2) Knowledge gap, knowledge similarity, international mobility, collaboration strength and network location of inter-State relations are all important factors affecting inter-country knowledge flows. And there is a path of action, that is, the network location of inter-State relations - knowledge gap - knowledge flow. Therefore, when China participates in the global knowledge flow, on the one hand, it needs to continuously establish the scientific and research cooperation relationship, utilizing favorable conditions in the process of searching for potential partners based on knowledge similarity and the flow of talent; on the other hand, it should build up the knowledge exchange platform between countries based on the similar network locations to help promote knowledge gap positively affects international knowledge flow.
Based on full-sample data of Zhongguancun Haidian Science Park, this paper explores exit mechanism of high-tech enterprises in China in recent years utilizing Stratified Cox Proportional Hazards model, and comparative analysis is carried out across enterprises of different ownerships and industries. The study reveals that: Zhongguancun high-tech enterprises are constantly facing high exit risk, and the trend is intensifying. The exit rates for enterprises of different ownerships have remarkable difference, the exit risk of state-owned enterprises is significantly lower than that of non-state-owned enterprises, which means administrative forces has generated some barrier effect. Internal factors such as operation efficiency, scale, liability and R&D level have significant impact on exit risk of enterprises. For high-tech enterprises of different ownerships and industries, the marginal effect of each variable is distinct; Government interventions also have some effect, tax incentives help to improve the survival probability of enterprises and the impact is greater for non-state-owned enterprises, while the impact of financial subsidies is insignificant for enterprises of all types. The conclusions provide some policy implications in terms of improving competitiveness environment of high-tech industry and increasing market efficiency.
Entrepreneurship has become an important economic and social research topic all over the world. Many studies have shown that entrepreneurship can be taught. However, the previous scholars' conclusions about the relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention are inconsistent and need to be reexamined. Based on the theory of planned behavior, this paper constructs a multiple mediating effect model of entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial intention. The questionnaire survey data of eight provinces were collected and analyzed by using SPSS and AMOS software. The results show that the entrepreneurship education has a positive impact on the entrepreneurial intention, the three cognitive factors of the theory of planned behavior (control of entrepreneurial attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavior) plays a mediating role between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention. This study extends the application of the theory of planned behavior in the research field of entrepreneurship, Enriches the existing research literature on entrepreneurship education, provides a theoretical basis for construction of entrepreneurship education ecological system, encourages students to start their own businesses, and boosts the development of innovational and entrepreneurial economic in our country.
As an emerging innovation paradigm, gendered innovation can make a regurgitation-feeding to scientific research and responsibility for both men and women. The logic of gendered innovation is a deconstruction process of sex and gender analysis from starting point and process evolution. The starting point is gender dimension, and the process evolution is embedding sex and gender analysis. It includes gathering, mining and transforming the gendered data, women intelligence and experience, as well as the interaction with external environment. The logic of gendered innovation emphasizes the role of sex and gender factors in scientific research, which is conducive to achieving fixing the number, institution and knowledge. Thus, it is a self-reflection and logical reconstruction of scientific research, and it can output gender- responsibility and inclusive well-being, achieve inclusive and mutual beneficial development prospects.
How to effectively distinguish the influencing factors of service innovation is an important issue which is faced with the manufacturing enterprises. The paper through literature review identifies distinguishes the influence of four kinds of extension resources on service innovation which are market resources, social resources, technical service resources and intellectual resources. With the aim of distinguishing the influence of these four kinds of extension resources combining with different conditions of the environmental quality and enterprise vitality. The effective data of 303 high-tech manufacturing enterprises are tested by factor analysis, cluster analysis and regression analysis. The results show that four kinds of extension resources have positive effects on service innovation. Intellectual resources contribute most in the combination of four kinds of environmental quality and enterprise vitality, and the technical service resources contribute lest. The effectiveness of four extension resources on service innovation is different under the combination of four enterprise vitality and environmental quality conditions. Under different combinations, manufacturing enterprises should take the suitable case of extension resources according to different stages of developing enterprises. The research deepens the existing research on the factors influencing the service innovation of manufacturing enterprises, and contributes to the sustainable development of enterprises and the maximum utility of service innovation.
By integrating relevant literature from technology management, marketing, and organizational studies, a research model on the impacts of technological and marketing capabilities on radical and incremental product innovations is built, the differential and non-linear relationships are constructed, and the moderating effect of competitive intensity is discussed. Empirical tests from 303 paired Chinese survey questionnaires indicate that technological capability is positively related to both radical and incremental product innovations, but with a stronger impact on the former. Marketing capability positively influences incremental product innovation, but it affects radical product innovation in an inverted U-shaped way, moderated by competitive intensity.
Firms are the lifeblood of a country's economic development, and the in-depth study of the influence factors of firms' rise and fall can help promote the healthy growth of firms. According to the annual data of 140 micro firms in China between 2011 and 2016, the rise and fall of firms are analyzed dynamically by event history analysis。The survival function and risk function graph obtained by the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimation method show that China's high-tech industry has higher health probability and lower probability of crisis than traditional industrial firms. Further study on the influencing factors of firm health is carried out by Cox proportional risk model. The results show that: technological innovation is the protective factor which can significantly improve the health probability of firms, the relationship between the health status of the firm and the process of regional marketization is the inverted U-shaped relationship. Furthermore, the protective degree of technological innovation to firms is improved after the introduction of marketwise factors. In addition, the acceleration of corporate profitability can significantly promote the healthy development of firms, firms' health probabilities are related in a U-shape to firms' accelerated expansion of scale. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions to promote the healthy growth of firms from the perspective of innovation-driven, market and government regulation and the scale expansion of firms.
The key of current supply-side structural reform lies in how to promote firm innovation. Using survey data of World Bank about institutional quality of Chinese enterprise operation, this paper test the effect of diversity in human capital structure on firm dual innovation. The results show that, skill diversity in production workers significantly reinforces firm exploratory innovation, but have no significant effect on firm exploitative innovation; gender diversity in production workers weakens firm exploratory innovation and exploitative innovation, but this effect is not significant; however, gender diversity in non-production workers has significant effect on firm dual innovation. Several robustness checks corroborate the findings. The findings of this paper enrich the literature on the influence factor of firm dual innovation, and it also provides implication to the firm human capital allocation and cultivation of labor market system in china.
In this paper, based on the data of Chinese biotechnology firm in 2003-2016 and using fixed-effect Quasi-Poisson model, we investigated the effect of firm’s geographic proximity to other firms in the same industry on its innovative performance, and at the same time, we also consider the structure of the firm’s internal inventor collaboration network and investigated its moderating effect. The results show that geographic proximity promotes firm’s innovation performance; the clustering of intra-firm network positively moderate the relation between geographic proximity and innovative performance; the average path length of the intra-firm network negatively moderate the relation between geographic proximity and innovative performance. The conclusion in this paper provide theoretical guidance to the coordination of firm’s internal knowledge network.
At the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution, all countries realize the importance of science and technology innovation year by year, the world's major countries have promoted science and technology innovation to the national strategy. In Europe, as the forefront of scientific and technological innovation area, the release of the 2017 European innovation scoreboard report about all euro countries and have structural analysis, and it has the visual effect for our understanding. On August 21, 2017, China has released national innovation index in 2016-2017, to include our country existing scientific and technological innovation ability in innovation index evaluation system, compared with the other 39 countries of the world's leading. On the basis of the different calculation between about the European Union and index system construction, index system of innovation have important practical significance.
