Hongzhou Zhao is the founder of science of science and scientometrics in China, as well as the initial hypothesis of knowledge unit is one of his excellent achievement. The knowledge unit theory including unit capacity, knowledge entropy that proposed by Zhao is introduced systematically in memory of the founder. Further, how the knowledge unit theory has been diffused is investigated. The development tendency of knowledge unit theory promotes the new progress of research objects, research methods, management practice for science of science.
The forecast of the technology progress probability through BNM, its implication of the technical and economic indicates the character of the technology progress, corresponds to the process of the technology innovation for the firms. At first, the thesis analyses the sets of the technology progress in each stage and their relations, inferences and judges the relevance of the pre-stage of the technology progress and the current stage, the current stage of the technology progress and next stage, the condition of the rational forecast of the technology progress is more enough. According the research, the firms select the technical diffusion, rational forecast of technology progress is feasible, is a proceed in an orderly way and step by step, from un-rational forecast to bounded rational, then to whole rational forecast. The sets of the probability of the technology progress have the character of RIP, the probability of each stage of the technology progress has relation only with the pre-stage, with no relation of the next stage. The intersection of the probability sets among two stages of the technology progress is larger, their relevance is more closer each other, the probability to advance higher stage is higher. The difference of the rational forecast of the technology progress is the necessary condition for optimization selection of the technology progress path, the result of rational forecast is more correct with shorter path of the technology progress. Empirical analysis confirms the nodes of the technology progress stage, draws DAG with patent citation, technical intense, general index, relation of the science and technical, then carries the analysis of the cause and diagnostic reasoning, and verifying the conclusion.
Based on the amenities theory, this paper proposed an indicator system in five aspects including natural ecological environment, economic development level, social living environment, public service level, and science and education innovation environment, to evaluate a city’s attraction for Science and Technology Innovation Talents. This indicator system includes 5 categories of urban amenities and 49 indicators. By using entropy method and cluster analysis, the evaluation and comparative analysis of the comprehensive attractiveness of 33 major cities in China was carried out. The results show that big cities’ attractiveness such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen are obviously higher than the cities in the central and western regions, and the scores of different cities in different dimensions are quite different, which means that different cities have different advantages and disadvantages. Major cities should combine their own characteristics and location conditions, then introduce corresponding policy systems to better attract Science and Technology Innovation Talents.
Based on 70 innovative industrial clusters, the three-stage DEA method is used to measure the innovation efficiency of industrial clusters and the industry differences in the innovation efficiency of strategic emerging industries. The results show that the scale efficiency of the innovative industrial clusters is dominant before the technical efficiency adjustment, and the scale factor and technical factors are jointly led by the adjustment. The industrial clusters are mainly based on the increase in scale returns. The top three innovation efficiency of strategic emerging industries are: new energy industry (cluster number 5), new generation information technology industry (cluster number 19), new material industry (cluster number 9), and energy conservation and environmental protection industry (cluster number 2) Innovation is the least efficient. Relying on state-level technology business incubators, industry alliance organizations, and human capital environment variables to jointly develop industrial systems can reduce the mismatch and efficiency losses of strategic emerging industry innovation resources.
From the perspective of behavior finance, we built up the research structure as industrial policy-investor attention-firm’s innovation strategies, we apply Multinomial Logit-Mediating effect Model with the panel data of a share listed companies from 2011 to 2015 to analyze the impact and mechanism of industrial policy on firm innovation strategies. The results showed that, comparing with patents of invention, firms who receiving industrial policy can increase the number of their patents of utility models and design。Furthermore, due to the limited investor attention in Chinese stock market, industrial policy can bring “investor attention effect”, stock market inefficiency will further induce firm managers to choose lower quality innovation. Meanwhile, for SOEs or firms with political links, it is the “investor attention effect “that matters when making innovation decisions. The results will provide practical evidence on how to make both industrial policy and stock market help firm build real innovation ability.
This paper sorts out the corporate and personal income tax laws and policies for Scientific and Technological (S&T) Achievements and Intellectual Property Rights(IPR) equity, and analyzes the main problems of the S&T and IPRs equity deferred tax policy, and proposes policy recommendations to implement the equity deferred tax policy in depth. It is necessary to clearly stipulate that the corporate and personal equity income tax should be paid when these equities are recovered, liquidated or transferred. It is necessary to divide the equity according to the proportion of the agreement between corporate and the inventor in service at first and the corporate and the inventor pay the corporate and personal income tax respectively according to the actual equity obtained in the final. It is necessary to further clarify the content of the original value and rational tax and fees for the S&T and IPRs equity. It is also necessary to incorporate the S&T and IPRs license equity into the scope of the equity deferred tax policy and make the income tax policies of technology transfer and the S&T and IPRs equity be relatively balanced.
A financing model for IP pledges provides SMEs with a new financing channel. However, the pledge financing process is faced with a variety of complex uncertainties, which also affects the scope of China's financing business. Firstly, this paper discusses the risks that may be faced by four entities: financing companies, financial institutions, intellectual property rights, and third party institutions in the financing process. Secondly, a relational network of risk influencing factors is established, and the weights of the influencing factors are calculated according to the analytic hierarchy process. Finally, the vensim PLE software is used to dynamically simulate the flow chart of the IP pledge financing system to obtain a description of the future behavior of the system under the influence of different influencing factors, in order to seek targeted improvements in the financing risk.
The current international situation is complex and changeable. Traditional and non-traditional threats are intertwined. How to effectively safeguard national security has become a severe challenge for all countries in the world. With its unique and effective governance, DARPA has taken on the dual tasks of defense and technology and achieved global success. Based on the core elements of governance and the theory of flexible government governance, this paper constructs a theoretical model of DARPA governance, analyzes its internal mechanisms and laws affecting the effectiveness of DARPA governance, and proposes that DARPA governance effectiveness is determined by mission flexibility and organizational flexibility. Elasticity of staff, decision-making and project resilience, and flexible governance of environmental and cultural factors. Finally, based on DARPA's effective flexible governance approach, it proposes countermeasures and suggestions for the DARPA-like institutions explored in China and the mission-oriented scientific research institutions in the high-risk research and development environment.
The implementation and management of disruptive technological innovation project are the focus of governments, academia and industry. Firstly, this paper reviews important concepts relevant to disruptive technological innovation and proposed the mechanism of it based on the evolution of science, technology and industry. Then this paper takes the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency as an example, it refining and summarizing the key path and practice by sorting out the DARPA's project to develop disruptive technologies. Finally, it provides policy advice for subversive disruptive technological innovation in China's context.
Appropriate knowledge protection is the necessary condition for successful strategic alliance. Based on transaction cost theory and institution theory，this paper explores the moderating effect of market uncertainty and law incompleteness on the relationship between knowledge protection and alliance performance, and the moderating effects of Guanxi orientation on the impact of market uncertainty and law incompleteness. Through the empirical analysis with 227 samples in the R& D alliance, the findings are revealed: Market uncertainty and law incompleteness is negatively moderates the relationship between knowledge protection and alliance performance. Guanxi orientation can weaken the moderating effect of law incompleteness, but the influence of Guanxi orientation on the moderation effect of market uncertainty is insignificant. This research has important theoretical and practical implications on the management of alliance firms’ knowledge.
However the relationship between the independent R&D of enterprises and the university-industry collaboration has been widely concerned, the conclusions are not consistent. Based on the perspectives of patent citation structure, this paper takes the patent quality as the entry point and attempts to investigate the universities, enterprises and university-industry collaboration on the impact of patent quality using the patent data of PATSTAT from 2006 to 2010. According to the median of forward citations and backward citations, the quality of patents is divided into four types: technology mavericks, technology pioneers, technology adopters, and technology enablers. In the sub sample test, the role of independent R&D of universities has no significant positive impact on the patent quality, they are more inclined to be technology pioneers. The role of large enterprises has significant positive impact on the patent quality, they tend to be technology mavericks. The role of university-industry collaboration has significant positive impact on the patent quality, in particular, the improvement of small and medium-sized enterprises is more significant. This study is of great reference value for the effective implementation of patent classification management and identification of potential partners.
The key inventor is the creator of the core technology in the organization. It is important to study the factors that influence a firm to be a key inventor from the perspective of knowledge. Based on patent data of 80 Chinese electrical & electronic enterprises during 2009 to 2015, logistic regression analysis reveals how the related variety, unrelated variety and knowledge integration capability affect the firm to be a key inventor. The results show that the related variety of knowledge base is positive with being a key inventor; while the unrelated variety of knowledge base has an inverse U –shape effect on being key inventor. In addition, the research also finds that knowledge integration capability mediates the relationship between being key inventor and both of related variety and unrelated variety of knowledge base.
Faced with the dilemma of resource constraint, it is very important for entrepreneurial firms to choose an appropriate market entry mode to explore new markets. Based on the theoretical perspective of bricolage, this paper takes four unicorns as the research objects and adopts the method of multi-case analysis to explore the market entry mode of entrepreneurial firms. The research found that: firstly, the higher the level of entrepreneurial enterprise resources, the more stable bricolage they adopt, the lower the operating risk they face, and the more inclined to choose the market entry mode with high degree of equity involvement; Secondly, as the growth of enterprises continues, entrepreneurial firms are faced with increasing operational risks and tend to choose the market entry mode with low degree of equity involvement. Thirdly, the higher the degree of materialization of the industry in which entrepreneurial firms are located, the more stable bricolage they adopt and the lower the operational risk they face. They are more inclined to choose the market entry mode with high degree of equity involvement.
Based on the institution-based view and innovation literatures, this paper theoretically discusses and empirically examines the non-linear effects of firms’ formal institutional capital and informal institutional capital on firms’ innovativeness, their potential heterogeneities, and their contingencies upon appropriability regime as well. The empirical findings of the survey data from 303 paired sample firms in China indicate that: First, firms’ formal institutional capital have an increasingly positive effect on their innovativeness, whereas firms’ informal institutional capital exert a decreasingly positive effect. Second, appropriability regime strengthens the positive effect of formal institutional capital on innovativeness, while weakens the positive effect of informal institutional capital on innovativeness. This paper provides insightful theoretical implications for firms’ innovativeness and their capital utilization.
Enterprises are not only embedded in geographical units of physical significance, but also embedded in the corporate community of social significance, the community has become a heterogeneous resource for enterprises, and cross-border collaboration has become the new norm for enterprises' R&D. The existing research only selects the data of cooperative R&D in certain industries and cannot demonstrate the global characteristics of collaborative innovation in China. Based on this, using the method of social network research, we build collaborative innovation network of 1999-2007 years by the data from China patent database, explore the topological structure of collaborative innovation networks and the network status and evolutionary pattern of companies, universities and research institutes. Our studies indicate that, firstly, the number of China's patent applications and collaborative innovation has increased year by year, and its growth rate has been accelerating. Secondly, The most intensive areas of collaborative innovation in China are Beijing Tianjin area, Yangtze River Delta region and Pearl River Delta region, the collaborative innovation network has gradually changed from "several alone" to "blooming all over the earth". Thirdly, the core nodes of the collaborative innovation network are mainly large-scale group companies and their subsidiaries and branches, well-known domestic universities, research institutes, and monopoly resources industry companies.
Based on the B-Z reaction model, this paper constructed a three-dimensional Logistic evolution model of knowledge sharing, knowledge integration and knowledge creation in the process of knowledge flow of enterprise collaborative original innovation with reciprocal culture as the control variable. Using 216 valid questionnaires and Matlab software, this paper simulated the evolution trend of knowledge flow of enterprise collaborative original innovation under the circumstances of three different initial states when the intensity of reciprocal culture varied. The results show that in the case of the same intensity of reciprocal culture, when knowledge sharing, knowledge integration and knowledge creation are all focused on at the early stage of knowledge flow, knowledge creation improves faster than that when only knowledge sharing or knowledge sharing and knowledge integration are focused on. Reciprocal culture can promote the evolution of knowledge flow of enterprise collaborative original innovation, and strong reciprocal culture can shorten the cycle of the evolution of knowledge flow. This study provides the basis for enterprises to implement collaborative original innovation mode and improve original innovation capability.
The influence of the degree of financing constraints on the performance of Industry-University-Institute collaborative innovation projects that implemented by Guangdong province and led by the enterprises has been analyzed, and the regulatory effect of the government subsidies on the relationship has also been analyzed. The results show that the influence of the degree of financing constraints on the performance of Industry-University-Institute collaborative innovation projects is negative. The regulatory effect of the government subsidies on the relationship is positive which means that the government subsidies can mitigate the negative impact of financing constraints on the innovation performance of Industry-University-Institute collaborative innovation projects to some extent. Compared with state-owned enterprises, the government subsidies are more effective to relieve the financing constraints that non-state-owned enterprises facing in product innovation. But the government subsidies have smaller effect on relieving the financing constraints that non-state-owned enterprises facing in patent research and development.
