Private think tanks play an important role in promoting scientific decision-making, but the professionality of their research output has always been controversial. Unveiling the current situation of Chinese private think tanks’ research output and understanding its characteristics and significance is imperative to the improvement of the decision-making services of these institutions. This article uses a Python crawler to obtain information on the publications of 58 Private think tanks from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure platform and performs a quantitative analysis on the 14,870 documents crawled. It then selects 10 private think tanks and 10 university-affiliated think tanks with similar comprehensive influence and conducts a comparative study on the 6951 and 7381 articles crawled, to better understand the status of published articles in private think tanks with university think tanks as a reference system. The study finds that published articles are a foundation for their long-term development and confirms that private think tanks maintain an appropriate balance among academic, social and policy influence. The research output of private think tanks is extensive and diverse; its research mode conforms to the characteristics of Mode 2 Knowledge Production, which is more heterogeneous and diversified. The professionality of their research output is not entirely determined by academic influence. Much of the research output outside the published articles of private think tanks need a more suitable third-party evaluation system for appraisement.
Abstract Through the effective response to the simplified technical requirements of the complex social trust mode, the socialization of block chain technology becomes possible. In the process of socialization of block chain technology from technology 1.0 to technology 3.0 inheritance and development its technical trust attribute develops and improves. Furthermore, it promotes the presentation of the Technical dimension of social trust, and through the technical integration of the social trust needs of post-industrial society, it promotes the social construction of a social trust model with strong technical participation. Compared with the acquaintance trust model adapted to the pre-industrial society, and the institutional trust model of the industrial society, the social construction of the social trust model with strong technical participation, while achieving social efficiency, also caused a double social anomie of social emotion and social structure risks. Therefore, social adjustment should be made from the four dimensions of legal system, policy support, technical standards, and technical ethics.
Based on the coupling effect between policies under the "new normal" as a breakthrough point, this paper explores the mechanism of government subsidies cooperating with environmental regulation to impel industrial upgrading, and empirically tests the impact of the coupling effect between environmental regulation and government subsidies on industrial restructuring and upgrading by using China's inter-provincial panel data from 2007 to 2015. The study finds that the impact of environmental regulation on industrial structure upgrading presents a significant "threshold" feature. The coupling effect of environmental regulation and government R&D subsidy policy can significantly promote industrial structure upgrading, but there is obvious regional and regulatory heterogeneity. This paper further explores the mechanism of the effect of policy coupling on the upgrading of industrial structure. The results show that the policy coupling effect does not show an effective mitigation effect on the cost of compliance, but can significantly enhance the "innovation compensation effect" and thus play a positive role in promoting the upgrading of industrial structure.This paper concludes that diversified policy mix is of great significance for giving full play to complementary advantages among policies and promoting industrial upgrading.
Biased technological progress is significant to economic growth and energy conservation of China. Scholars and policy makers are very concerned about whether carbon emission price can solve negative externalities of corporate emissions. Based on the data of 190 cities in China and above from 2007 to 2016, this paper uses the Malmquist index to estimate the input biased technical change index and its features in the save of energy factor, tests the abatement effect of biased technological progress and carbon emission price. Based the data of 25 pilot carbon emission trading cities, this paper confirms moderating effect of carbon emission price on the abatement effect of biased technological progress. This study finds that: (1) From the input biased technical index, the overall biased technological progress index is bigger than 1 but shows a downward trend of volatility. (2) From the bias/direction of biased technological progress, in the sample cities, the bias/direction of biased technological progress in energy and capital is biased towards energy-saving cities accounted for 53%, the bias/direction of biased technological progress in energy and labor is biased towards energy-saving cities accounted for 46%. (3) From the abatement effect, biased technological progress has significant emission reduction effect. Carbon emission price has not significant emission reduction effect. (4) From the moderating effect, the carbon emission trading price has a significant moderating effect on the emission reduction effect of biased technological progress. This paper provides a theoretical reference for further promoting the construction of the national carbon emission trading market and the government to formulate reasonable emission reduction policies.
The pilot policy of national innovative cities has been gradually extended to the whole country. However, under the unique governance structure of China, whether this kind of experimental principal governance can be transformed into governance efficiency and its spatial spillover effect are rarely studied from an empirical point of view. Using the panel data of 270 cities at or above prefectural level, this study takes the pilot establishment of national innovative cities as a natural experiment, and uses the double difference method to investigate the policy effect. The main results are as follows: (1) the national innovative city pilot policy has a significant effect on the promotion of urban innovation, but the dynamic effect shows that it has a weakening trend year by year.(2) the results of heterogeneity test show that the effect of innovative urban pilot policy shows a differential order pattern in the eastern, central and western regions. (3) further research on spatial Dubin effect shows that the pilot policy of innovative cities has spatial spillover effect, which not only promotes the improvement of urban innovation in pilot areas, but also has a significant impact on the innovation of neighboring cities. The level of financial development and industrial structure can effectively promote the level of local innovation, and have spillover effects on neighboring areas, while human capital has crowding out effect on the promotion of innovation in neighboring areas. The robustness test supports the above conclusions. Based on the empirical results, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as promoting the orderly diffusion of innovative cities, strengthening the spatial radiation effect of policies, designing the gradient development strategy of innovative urban policies, and promoting the coordinated development of regions.
The Internet convergence is driving the transition of manufacturing to digitalization, networking, and intelligence. It is an important path to promote the high-quality development of Chinese manufacturing. Based on the data of Chinese manufacturing listed companies from 2009 to 2017, this paper establishes a panel regression model to study the influence of Internet convergence on the total factor productivity of the manufacturing and its mechanism, and examines the moderating effect of the labor structure. The research results show that the convergence of manufacturing and Internet at the technical and business levels has improved total factor productivity, which is mainly achieved by optimizing the allocation of internal capital elements of enterprises. It also finds that Internet convergence and the labor structure have complementary effects, and the increase in the proportion of high-skilled labor strengthens the role of Internet convergence in improving the total factor productivity of manufacturing and the allocation efficiency of internal capital and labor factor in enterprises. The main problem of China is that the convergence at the market level is low and the quality is poor, the proportion of highly skilled labor is low and the growth rate is slow. The research conclusions provide direct evidence from the micro level that Internet convergence improves total factor productivity, and provides policy inspiration for promoting high-quality development of manufacturing.
Taking the longitudinal case study of Haier Group and Goldwind Co., this study investigates the periodic characteristics of multinational enterprises’ overseas legitimation and the evolutional relationship among key factors that promote the legitimation process. Several research findings are as follows: First, the overseas legitimation evolves a sequential characteristic from pragmatic legitimation to normative legitimation and cognitive legitimation. It is an inevitable choice for enterprises from emerging markets to achieve legitimation is from passive adaptation to active creation. Second, the international network linkage and resource system reconfiguration, as the facilitators of legitimation, are accompanied with prominent evolutional characteristics. The evolutional traits of international network linkage and resource system reconfiguration correspondingly evolve from passive adaptation to active creation. Third, the adaptation and interactive relationship among the international network linkage, resource system reconfiguration and overseas legitimation are sorted out.
Big data usage is a hot topic in academics and practice, but the existing literature lacks research on data-driven new product development processes. This study develops a research model of the impact of big data-embedded new product development processes on innovation performance based on the theory of new product development. To test the proposed research model and implement a cross-national comparative study, this study collected data from China, the United States, and Singapore and analyzed the data using cross-group regression analysis methods. The empirical results indicate that the big data-embedded business analysis stage and the big data embedded product testing stage have a significant positive impact on innovation performance in China, the United States, and Singapore. Furthermore, the most important stage with regard to the impact on sales growth is the big data embedded product design stage in China, the big data embedded product testing stage in the United States, and the big data embedded product testing stage in Singapore. The most important stage with regard to the impact on gross margin is the big data embedded product design stage in China, the big data embedded product testing stage in the United States, and the big data embedded commercialization stage in Singapore.
As an important non-market strategic resource, political connection plays an important role in the R&D of private enterprises. Yet current research has not systematically explored the contingent influence of micro-level entrepreneurial spirit and macro-level external innovation pressure on the relationship between political connection and firm innovation. Using data from the 2016 All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce Private Enterprise Survey, we empirically examine how entrepreneurs' internal value and external innovation pressure affect the relationship between political connection and R&D investment. Results show that political connections of private enterprises have a positive relationship with R&D investment tendency and scale. Entrepreneurship and external innovation pressure positively regulate the relationship between political connections and R&D. This denotes that the resource effect brought by the political connection as a complementary strategic non-market resource increases enterprises’ innovation motivation. Entrepreneurs' use of political connection as non-market strategic resources is not only an initiative to reduce innovation risks, but also an important proactive responding to external innovation pressure so as to improve innovation capabilities. Drawing from the entrepreneurial decision perspective and upper echelon theory, this study generates novel insights on the relationship between political connection and firm innovation, providing practical enlightenment for firms to optimize their innovation strategies and accelerate innovation development.
Ambidextrous strategy plays an important role in the process of catch-up, but we still know little about how to choose the approach to ambidextrous strategy in different windows of opportunity. Through HAILUN's longitudinal case study from 1986 to 2019, it is found that latecomers usually adopt exploitative strategy when opportunities are single and relatively certain. When the opportunity is single but the uncertainty is large, latecomers usually adopt explorative strategy. When latecomers are faced with multiple and uncertain opportunity and have a high absorptive capacity, ambidextrous strategy becomes particularly important. Longitudinally, in the process from initial catch-up to beyond catch-up, the strategy of latecomers has evolved from "sequential ambidexterity" to "simultaneous ambidexterity". The conclusion of this paper not only enriches the theory of catch-up, but also complements the research on the antecedents of ambidextrous mode.
Taking 15 typical innovative entrepreneurs in Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park as the target， this study explores the basic qualities and professional capabilities of innovative entrepreneurs through unstructured in-depth interviews and by grounded theory and methods, as well as the relationship and transformation mechanism between the two. The results show that in terms of basic qualities, innovative entrepreneurs have the following characteristics--a personality characteristics coexisting with sensibility and reason, a knowledge foundation that integrates theoretical knowledge and practical experience, and a combination of high intelligence and abundant physical fitness. in the term of developing innovative entrepreneurial activities, they have the ability to identify/create innovative entrepreneurial opportunities and develop innovative opportunities, and the operational capabilities of innovative enterprises. Their professional ability to carry out innovative entrepreneurship is the aggregation, transformation and manifestation of their basic quality around the theme of innovative entrepreneurship, driven by specific opportunities and innovative entrepreneurial consciousness. The generation mechanism model of their professional ability is as follows: Basic quality- (entrepreneurial opportunity + innovation and entrepreneurship awareness)-professional ability transformation. The research conclusions provide theoretical support for the cultivation and evaluation of innovative entrepreneurial talents.
For the productization and project-based makers of complex hardware, this article researched the process control mechanism and collaborative extent of mass entrepreneurship space and hardware maker combined the exploratory case study method and Stackelberg game analysis.The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Exploratory case found there is a refined management route in the process of collaborative hardware entrepreneurship; (2) We draw from the Stackelberg game of collaborative entrepreneurship is giving play to the overall effect and necessary for mass entrepreneurship space and hardware makers. It can effectively increase product definition precision of hardware makers. It also can solve hardware makers' sore spots of supply chain and channel integration; (3) Collaborative extent is the inverse of hardware makers' key resource investment and product definition ability. The results show that the collaborative entire effect can control a refined hardware entrepreneurship process when mass entrepreneurship space grasp a reasonable degree of collaborative participation. It could be a new entrepreneurial paradigm of resource sharing and coordinated hardware industrial chain.
With the rapid development of the world economy, it is urgent to promote the high-quality development of manufacturing industry by innovation. In order to make the innovation of manufacturing industry reach the best level, our government has issued a number of policies to encourage its development. Whether the existing policy setting is reasonable and the text content meets the actual needs is an important basis for the future release of relevant policies. This paper uses social network analysis and co-word analysis to analyze the content of 78 national innovation policy texts issued in 2012-2019. Based on this, it constructs a quantitative framework for the evaluation of innovation policy in manufacturing industry, selects representative policies as samples, and uses PMC-AE index model for quantitative evaluation. The results show that the scores of policy samples are high, which indicates that the quality of policies formulated by relevant policy issuing agencies is high, and the content of policy texts is reasonable and meets with the actual needs, but there are still some problems that need to be improved, including increasing the content of policy texts involving supervision and regulation, strengthening the combination of policy tools, expanding the coverage of policy participants, and improving the application of incentive measures and strengthen the breadth and depth of coordination between policy issuing agencies.
The chief object of this paper is to study the inter governmental relations in innovative cities and to explore the ways of government departments using various policy instruments and their combinations. The method used in the study is known as content analysis and social network analysis. By analyzing the typical follow-up policy texts of cities approved in 2018, the interactive social network structure of intergovernmental relations and policy instruments in the construction of innovative cities is gradually clear. It is concluded that science and technology bureau, development and reform Bureau, industry and information technology bureau, Finance Bureau, market supervision and Administration Bureau, agricultural and rural bureau are the core government departments of the interactive social network of intergovernmental relations and policy instruments in the construction of innovative cities. Supply side policy instruments are the most commonly used instruments in the construction of innovative cities. This social network presents an obvious core-periphery structure. There is a social circle composed of 24 government departments and most policy instruments, and there are also some independent cliques outside the social circle. The results of the study can provide useful enlightenment to improve the policy system of innovative city construction, and also can be used as a reference for decision-making of innovative city construction activities.
The research on nostalgia and activation of time-honored brands is difficult to solve the problem of innovation and growth of time-honored brand under the background of new era and new demand. The window of opportunity theory provides a variety of opportunities for time-honored brand to identify and grasp the market demand and technological transfer, implement product and marketing innovation around cultural resources, break through the development dilemma and realize sustainable development. Based on the exploratory case study, the results show that:(1) Inheriting traditional culture and implementing culture-based product and marketing innovation are effective ways for time-honored brands to build differentiated competitive advantages and realize innovation and catch up. (2) Identifying market and technology opportunities, combining opportunities with cultural resource, are the premise and foundation for time-honored brands to break through the development dilemma and realize innovative growth. (3) Building brand cultural characteristics, refining the core of brand culture and spreading traditional cultural concepts are the effective strategies to identify and develop time-honored brands and to conduct differentiated management of cultural resources.
