Within the development of science professionalization in China, the public perceptions of scientists constitute a contradictory and complex combination of traditional stereotypes. This study investigated the images of scientists held by middle school children in Anhui and Zhejiang provinces, the Draw-a-Scientist Test was administered to 448 students from three different schools. Outcomes indicates that students in developed city are more likely to get high scale scores, who are also more positive about science and scientists, it also means less critical. As for the result of gender distribution of scientists’ portraits, it showed that women still suffer from the gender discrimination when they participate in science. Therefore, the formulation of science and technology policy and the strategy change of scientists' image communication need to be corrected.
Disruptive technologies provide an important starting point for latecomer country’s technical raid and overtaking in cornering. Exploring the collaborative governance framework of protective space is of great significance to the construction of a powerful country with S&T and the development of innovative governance. Due to the transformative impact caused by disruptive technologies, the governance process of protective spaces also presents a high degree of complexity. For example, the multiple governance entities in a protective space interact in multiple system dimensions. The goal of niche transition makes the governance and political process of the protective space behave as a multi-level interactive evolution. Also, the difference in motivations of protective spaces and the allocation of governance power leads to the diversification of coordination modes. The emergence of a series of new characteristics such as diversification, multi-level and multi-situation in the process of protective space governance makes it difficult for traditional governance frameworks to achieve a comprehensive explanation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a targeted collaborative governance framework and carry out research on relative policy strategies.
This paper fills the gap of the existing governance framework through the following three aspects. First, we explain the interaction process of multiple governance entities through the collaboration of consensus space, innovation space and knowledge space by employing the theory of socio-technical system transformation and embedding triple helix system mechanism. In this interactive process, the government is the leader of the consensus space; the enterprise is the net weaver of the innovation space; the academia is the producer of the knowledge space; the intermediary organization is the catalyst for interaction and system transformation. Second, we integrate the political process of the collaborative governance of disruptive technology protective space into a multi-level analysis perspective to display secondary effects (consensus formation) and tertiary effects (signal effects) of policy strategies. Among them, the shielding and nurturing strategies of disruptive technology protective space are the basis for the formation of consensus space, as well as the empowerment strategies play an important role in promoting the interaction between niche-level and regime-level. As a result, the explanatory of the socio-technical system transformation theory to the policy intervention mechanism is improved. Third, we propose four multi-situation collaborative models of protective space governance from two dimensions of driving actors and power distribution. The government-driven model with central actors has a command-and-control structure by using legal governance tools. The government-driven model without central actors has a government-led circular structure by using governance tools such as expectation establishment, government procurement, public-private cooperation, etc. The non-government-driven model with central actors has an oligopoly governance structure by using governance tools such as establishing technical standards, customizing service agreements, creating experimental spaces, etc. The non-government-driven model without central actors has a networked autonomous structure by using supply-side and demand-side governance tools.
The results on the diverse governance entities and their interactions, multi-level governance processes and political processes, multi-situation collaboration models and governance structures in disruptive technology protective space provide ideas for the government and non-government entities to cope with the challenges of emerging technology governance.
With the slow recovery of the global economy, developed countries have introduced rejuvenation strategies for their manufacturing. China has also released a national strategy named "Made in China 2025" to improve the competitiveness of China's high-tech industries. Affected by the competitive environment in the international market, Chinese exports are facing a severe situation in the global market at this stage: the advantages of low-end industries are rapidly weakening, and the advantages of high-end industries have not been established yet. Due to the advantage of cheap labor cost, China is locked in the low-end processing and assembly procedure in the Global Value Chains (GVCs) to gain a lower profit share, but with the risk of disappearing the Chinese cheap labor cost advantage, Chinese high-tech industry is facing the risk of "being squeezed out" from the GVCs. With the deepening of the international division of labor, the change of the national interest distribution pattern, and the spread of de-globalization in some developed countries,?the GVCs are undergoing a new round of large-scale restructuring, and the situation of GVCs being dominated by developed countries is changing. Industries of different countries have different paths of participation in the reconstruction of GVCs, including active embedding in GVCs, passive access to National Value Chains, and leading to the creation of Regional Value Chains (RVCs). Different high-tech industries in China choose different ways to participate in reconstruction of GVCs due to their different levels of competitiveness. Based on the Value-Added Revealed Comparative Advantage index, this study constructs the basis and criteria for choosing the path of reconstruction of GVCs and designs the appropriate path for Chinese high-tech industry. Pharmaceutical manufacturing and transportation equipment manufacturing industry tend to choose access state of the Value Chain reconstruction path against the background of globalization, and the chemical products manufacturing, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing, and optical equipment manufacturing industries tend toward?”indigenous innovation” while dominating the RVC reconstruction path, linking international and domestic Value Chains, to achieve the domestic and international double cycle goals.
In the context of economic globalization, technological innovation is an important driving force to promote China’s stability across the structural deceleration phase. Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2009 to 2018, this paper constructs three kinds of spatial weight matrices and uses the spatial econometric analysis model to empirically analyze the impact of different technological innovation modes on regional economic development. At the same time, this article discusses the Synergistic effect of "technical innovation-industrial structure upgrade" on economic development, and further comparatively analyzes the internal relationship among technological innovation, industrial structure upgrade and regional economic development in different stages. The empirical results show that: (1) Technological innovation has a significant spatial correlation with regional economic development; and technology introduction, imitation innovation and independent innovation have positive promotion effects on regional economic development, among which independent innovation has the most significant role in promoting economic development. (2) Whether the three technological innovations can speed up economic development depends on the degree of advanced industrial structure. With the upgrading of the industrial structure, the effects of technological introduction and imitation innovation on economic growth have gradually slowed down. (3) The effect of industrial structure upgrade on economic growth is affected by technological innovation investment. Under the premise of the established industrial structure, the more technological innovation investment, the smaller the marginal economic effect of industrial structure upgrade. (4) In the process of continuous upgrading of the industrial structure in our country, each industry gradually improves its ability to digest and absorb technological innovation input, so as to achieve a comprehensive improvement of the industrial technology level, thereby ensuring the sustainable development of the regional economy.
Institution research is essential for improving national governance and promoting scientific and technological innovation. As a unique and crucial institutional factor in the context of China, market segmentation’ impact on high-tech industries’ development remains unexplored. Based on the institutional logic theory, this paper considers market segmentation and high-tech industries as the expression of local and central institutional logics. Hence, the difference between local and central institutional logics may serve as the theoretical foundation of the relationship between market segmentation and high-tech industries. Using the provincial panel data from 2005 to 2018, this paper finds that market segmentation has a negative effect on high-tech industries’ innovation and entrepreneurship, and such a relationship is more significant in the middle and west region. However, FDI, which is separate from the two institutional logics, can positively moderate the impact of market segmentation on high-tech industries, playing a lubrication role in the vertical conflict of institutional logics. According to these conclusions, this paper proposes several policy implications in promoting market integration and the development of high-tech industries.
Existing research pays little attention to the possible long-term impact of economic downturn on the mobility of technical personnel after graduation. Based on the imprinting theory and using the big data of public resumes on a professional social platform, this article explores the relationship between the economic downturn experienced by graduation and the mobility of technical personnel. The research results show that the economic downturn experienced by graduation has a significant inhibitory effect on the mobility of technical personnel. The results of the moderation effects show that this effect is more obvious in the high-tech dynamic industry environment, while it is alleviated in the regions with high market vitality. Expansion analyses find that technical personnel who graduated and experienced economic downturn are more likely to work in state-owned enterprises and are less likely to move within the enterprise. This research expands the literature on the impact factors of the mobility of technical personnel from the macro-environmental level, and reveals the path and boundary of the impact of the economic downturn experienced by graduation on the mobility of technical personnel from the perspective of individual imprinting, enriching the understanding and application of imprinting theory. At the same time, it provides a theoretical reference and reference for the career development of technical personnel and the further implementation of the government's talent mobility policy
China's innovation and development has entered a new stage of self-reliance and self-improvement, and it is urgent to build a new system. Different from the traditional public institutions and new R&D institutions with enterprises as the main body, it is of great significance to build a new type of institute with collaborative innovation of government, society and enterprises and flexible mechanism for realizing the breakthrough of neck technology and common technology in key fields and promoting the integration of science, technology and economy. Based on the "four natures" (public welfare, economy, sociality and innovation) of the new Institute, this paper constructs a two-tier governance theoretical framework, which is parallel to the decentralization of the system and the support of the market-oriented mechanism. It is verified by the successful practice of Jiangsu Industry Research Institute, that is, the effectiveness and necessity of the two-tier governance model.
In the era of knowledge economy, universities have become an important source to provide key technical support for the industry to cope with global competition, via such mechanisms as patent licensing agreement. With the increasing patent behavior, universities are facing more pressure from multi capital and commercialization. This phenomenon has aroused extensive discussion among scholars. How do universities balance the public attribute of academic research and the private attribute of patent commercialization? Does university patent behavior hinder the free flow of scientific knowledge and reduce the academic influence of researchers? In the context of the rapid growth of patent behavior in China’s universities, it is necessary to deeply explore the relationship between patent behavior and academic influence to find the balance between commercialization of technology and publicity of academic research, which has important theoretical and practical significance to improve the science and technology evaluation system and innovation efficiency in China.
Large numbers of vital empirical studies have been exploring the relationship between academic research and patent commercialization. Nevertheless, the debate over whether patent behavior helps or restricts university researcher’s academic influence has always been an argument. On one hand, some believe that researchers involved in patent behavior can benefit both from the networks of patent and academic, such as research projects are more related to the industry and publications are more likely to be accepted by high quality journals. On another hand, some argue that patent behavior may change researchers’ interest by potential commercial value other than academic value, which leads negative effect on the future of scientific research. The existing literatures mainly focus on the stage of patent application, however, less attention has been paid on the effect of patent licensing stage. As we know, the stage of patent is not static, but changes with time. Therefore, there is a great necessity to further study how the whole procedure of patent behavior influence university researchers’ academic influence.
In order to better study the impact of university researchers' patent behavior on their academic influence, firstly, this study divides patenting into two stages according to China's patent system: "application-granting" stage and "granting-licensing" stage, which expands the previous research perspective from one patent stage to the whole procedure of patent behavior. Second, we establish a database collecting the data of patent behavior and academic influence of multi-disciplinary researchers in 112 “211” universities and provincial and ministerial-level universities from 2008 to 2017, which includes individually micro data and provides fundamental support for relevant study in China’s background. Third, this paper comprehensively uses negative binomial regression and binary logistic regression to empirically analyze the influence of university researchers' patent behavior on their academic influence of "application-granting" stage and "granting-licensing" stage, which reveals nonlinear relationship between patent behavior and academic influence from multi dimension. Finally, corresponding optimization suggestions are proposed according to the research results．
The results show that: (1) In "application-granting" stage, there is a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between the number of patent applications and academic influence. With the increase of patent applications, the positive impact on academic influence will increase. Nonetheless, there will be a negative impact on scholars’ citation, H index and G index when the number of patent applications reaches about 35 per year. As for the academic title, the turning point of patent applications is around 38 per year. (2) In "granting-licensing" stage, when university researchers use exclusive license to trade patents, there will be a significant inhibitory effect on academic influence, no matter measuring citation, H index, G index or high-level academic title. The probability of university researchers obtaining high-level academic title is reduced by 70.4% if researchers’ patent is licensed exclusively. Citation is the most affected by exclusive licensing, followed by G index, and H index is the least affected. These findings provide reference for the whole process management of university patents and the formulation of relevant policies.
Corresponding optimization suggestions are proposed according to the micro quantitative evidence provided by this study. (1) University researchers should be encouraged to participate in patent behavior properly, which can fully use the cooperative effect and avoid the crowding out effect caused by too many patent applications. (2) Exclusive license should be considered carefully when university researchers trade their patents, especially in the condition that the patents are supported by public resources such as government funding. (3) The government should provide investment and financing support for the commercialization of university patents to promote and protect original innovation. This study is of great theoretical and practical significance to clarify the mechanism of how patent behavior effects university researchers’ academic influence, to answer the question of how universities could achieve breakthroughs in original innovation and provide innovation force for China's economic development at the same time, and to optimize the construction of China’s innovation system.
Technical knowledge has been a prerequisite for Chinese enterprises to participate in international competition in a highly uncertain environment, and it is also a guarantee for enterprises to obtain advantages in new product development under different strategic orientations. Based on 257 sample data of enterprises, this study examines the relationships between technological knowledge and new product advantages, and the moderating effects of two different strategic orientation choices of enterprises. The research found that: technical knowledge has a positive effect on new product development speed (NPD speed) and new product creativity (NPC). Market orientation positively moderates the relationship between technical knowledge and NPD speed and NPC, and the former moderating relationship is stronger. Technology orientation negatively regulates the relationship between technological knowledge and the NPD speed, but positively regulates the relationship between technological knowledge and NPC.
This paper focuses on whether and how the depth of industry-university-research cooperation affects the total factor productivity in the national high-tech zone. Based on the data of 83 national high-tech zones from 2011 to 2018 and on the basis of overcoming endogeneity, this paper systematically expounds and tests the influence of the depth of industry-university-research cooperation on the total factor productivity of national high-tech zones. The study found that: The depth of industry-university-research cooperation has a significant positive impact on the total factor productivity improvement of the national high-tech zone; Promoting technological innovation and optimizing the efficiency of resource allocation are the important intermediary channels for the depth of industry-university-research cooperation to influence the total factor productivity of the national high-tech zone; The marginal impact of the depth of industry-university-research cooperation on the total factor productivity of the national high-tech zone is more larger in the central and western regions; The positive influence of the depth of industry-university-research cooperation on the total factor productivity of the national high-tech zone is sensitive to the degree of cooperation, which has a significant impact in the subsamples of deep cooperation , but not in the sub-sample of shallow cooperation. The research conclusion provides policy enlightenment for the government to optimize the promotion policy of industry-university-research cooperation and accelerate the high-quality development of the national high-tech zone.
The effective synergy among government, entrepreneurial carrier and incubated enterprises has an important impact on the development of enterprises, government performance and regional innovation. Based on the perspective of cross-organization synergy, this paper discusses the synergy among government, entrepreneurial carrier and incubated enterprises, and empirically tests their synergistic impacts on the cooperation performance of incubation system, and the moderating effect of cooperation intention on the relationship between synergy and cooperation performance. The results show that the degree of resource sharing，the consistency of interest orientation and the degree of institutional synergy will affect the cooperation performance among these three. And cooperation intention can respectively promote the relationship between resource synergy, interest synergy, institutional synergy and cooperation performance. This paper provides empirical evidence and practical reference for the innovation and sustainable growth of start-up enterprises.
In view of the influence of external technology diffusion mode on enterprise growth, this paper, based on the questionnaire data of 327 high-tech enterprises, took product innovation effect and technology absorption capacity as mediating variables and moderating variables respectively, and explored the relationship between external technology diffusion mode, product innovation effect and enterprise growth. The results show that compared with exchange diffusion, transfer diffusion can not only significantly promote the rapid growth of enterprises, but also significantly improve the speed of product innovation. Compared with transfer diffusion, exchange diffusion can significantly promote the improvement of product innovation; The degree of product innovation plays an intermediary role between communication diffusion and enterprise growth. The speed of product innovation plays an intermediary role between transfer and diffusion and enterprise growth. The stronger the enterprise's technology absorption capacity, the stronger the intermediary effect of product innovation speed. The conclusion of the study provides a reference for managers to effectively adopt and deploy different external technology diffusion patterns when promoting enterprise growth.
Based on the innovation value chain theory, this paper divides the efficiency of urban industry-university-research knowledge flow into knowledge research efficiency and knowledge transformation efficiency. The super-efficiency DEA model is used to measure the efficiency of industry-university-research knowledge research and knowledge transformation in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. On the basis of the spatial DID model to study the impact mechanism of innovative city pilot policy on the efficiency of urban industry-university-research knowledge flow and the mediating effect of urban innovation atmosphere, the dynamic network DEA model is used to re-measure the efficiency of urban industry-university-research knowledge flow, and the regression results are tested for robustness. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) Generally speaking, the average value of knowledge research efficiency of industry-university-research in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration is higher than knowledge transformation efficiency, and there is spatial heterogeneity in both. And the distribution characteristics of the regions are different. (2) The policy effect of innovative city pilots on the efficiency of urban industry-university-research knowledge flow is promoted, and there is a positive spatial spillover effect between neighboring cities. (3) The innovative city pilot policy has a significant positive impact on the urban innovation atmosphere, and urban innovation atmosphere plays a partial mediating effect in the influence mechanism of innovative city pilot policy on the efficiency of urban industry-university-research knowledge research and the efficiency of knowledge transformation. (4) The results of industry-university-research knowledge research efficiency and knowledge transformation efficiency measured by the dynamic network DEA model are basically consistent with the above, and on this basis, the regression results of the spatial DID model also verify the robustness of the main regression results. Based on the research conclusions, this article proposes the following policy implications. First, the current Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration should pay more attention to the transformation process of knowledge achievements when constructing and improving the industry-university-research cooperative innovation mechanism. At the same time, in the integration process of the Yangtze River Delta, the government should promote the overall innovation and development of three provinces and one city, especially to guide and drive the construction of an urban industry-university-research collaborative innovation mechanism in Anhui Province, promote the efficiency of its industry-university-research knowledge flow, and further improve the innovation system of Yangtze River Delta urban agglomerations. Second, in the process of implementing pilot policy for innovative cities, local governments should focus on the industry-university-research collaborative innovation, and establish an innovation mechanism involving multi-party of government- industry-university-research. In addition, the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration should also concentrate on promoting the development of regional linkages, and actively leverage the synergy of urban innovation. Third, local governments should promote the formation of a positive urban innovation atmosphere in the process of implementing innovative city pilot policy, starting from the three aspects of providing innovation policy support, promoting innovation platform construction, and improving innovation development capabilities. Through this way, the efficiency of urban industry-university-research knowledge flow can be improved.
How to adjust innovative strategies for startups under the circumstances of past product failures has always been a hot issue. Based on the problemistic search theory, this paper examines the impact of search boundary and search distance in future product development on the new product innovation performance when the startups on the platform failed in the past. We use a new dataset from May 2018 to February 2019 obtained from Apple App Store and test the hypothesis empirically by using the method of text analysis. The results show that compared with the successful entrepreneurial startups, the unsuccessful entrepreneurial startups are more likely to improve new product innovation performance by crossing previous search boundaries and engaging in category-spanning new product development. Moreover, for the unsuccessful entrepreneurial startups, non-local search in the selected market categories is more conducive to the improvement of new product innovation performance. The research aims to enrich the problemistic search theory of entrepreneurial startups under the background of the platform market, and has important implications for the choice of new product development strategies for startups on the application platform.
Abstract: as the platform of incubation service, maker space plays a significant role in promoting the development of start-ups. Based on the resource dependence theory and social network theory, and the development stage model of start-ups as the analysis framework, this study chose two typical maker spaces—Wuhan Biotechnology Research Institute and Garage Coffee (Wuhan) — to do case analysis, exploring the service and role of maker space in each stage of the start-ups’ development. By the two-cases comparative analysis, the study found that: In each different growth stage, start-ups face diverse difficulties. And in the whole process, maker space plays unique roles in providing targeted services and help. In general, start-ups have experienced three stages: conceptualization stage, commercialization stage and growth stage. In the growth process of start-ups, maker space breaks the resource shackles at all stages by providing targeted help and support according to the stage characteristics. Different types of maker space may have their own strong points, but they generally provide four types of services: hardware support, technical support, business support and network support, playing the role of builder, promoter, provider and linker.
To be specific, the detailed situation is as follows. In the conceptualization stage of start-ups, faced with the dilemma lack of practical knowledge, the first difficulty is to transform business ideas into practical business plans and put them into practice. By providing hardware support, business support and network support, maker space assists new entrepreneurs to clarify their business blueprint, contact relevant departments, build a reliable team, helping them out of the chaos. At this stage, maker space is the builder and linker. In the stage of commercialization, start-ups need to promote the sales of their products or services to the market. Their prime challenge is to consider how to realize the production and distribution of products or services, and what kind of sale strategies to attracting customers. This is the foundation for the survival of start-ups. At this stage, the maker space mainly focuses on providing corresponding training guidance and consultation, introducing professional external organizations. Now, it plays the role of promoter and linker by providing business support and network support. In the growth stage of the start-ups, they need to seek further development opportunities, improve the supply capacity, consolidate market position and pursue long-term competitive advantage. At this time, start-ups ought to need more funds to develop and test new products or services, need more diversified market channels and a wider customer base. The maker space will bring its platform advantages into full play, help start-ups to obtain external financial facilitation and expand the market shares. By providing business support and network support, the maker space mainly does function as the role of supplier and linker.
