The preprint platforms have been given the important mission of fighting academic monopoly and realizing academic freedom from the beginning of theirs birth, and they have gradually established a "decentralized" scientific communication system in the course of development. First, this study combs the previous literature. The results show that:(1) Although researchers have done a certain amount of research on the preprint platforms, these studies focus on the function construction and influence of the preprint platforms. (2) Previous research did not pay attention to the impact of the preprint platforms on the scientific communication system.
Secondly, this study uses case analysis, combined with communication and management theories to analyze the impact of the preprint platforms on the scientific communication system, in order to expand the theoretical horizon of related research directions. This study selected bioRxiv, medRxiv, SSRN, Sciencepaper Online and others as the research object, and analyzed the positive effects of the preprint platforms on the scientific communication system. The results show that:(1) In the traditional scientific communication system, journals serve as the information dissemination center, integrating a large amount of scientific communication information, creating a centralized scientific communication system. The emergence of the preprint platforms broke this rule, imitating social media, and designed a mechanism for the participation of scientific researchers with equal powers. This form of communication improves the transparency of scientific communication. (2) In the traditional scientific communication system, journals as "gatekeepers" uphold the power of screening, processing and presenting scientific information. The preprint platforms divide the gatekeeping power of journals, allowing every researcher to participate in the review with the help of social sharing functions. This increases the amount of feedback in scientific communication and enhances the interactivity of researchers. (3) The preprint platforms embed the informally communicated information into the literature and transmit it to the journals. This method integrates the communication channels of formal communication and informal communication, blurs the boundary between formal communication and informal communication. (4) In the traditional scientific communication system, formal communication is mainly spread through journals or conferences. However, due to the strong uncertainty in the review cycle of journals or conferences (as short as a few days, as long as several months or even years), scientific information creators have a high degree of time lag in receiving feedback. The appearance of the preprint platforms reduce the time lag in scientific communication and makes scientific communication more immediate.
Third, this study also analyzes the negative impact of the preprint platforms on the scientific communication system. The results show that: (1) During the occurrence of “COVID-19”, many low-quality articles were published on the preprint platforms, which were widely disseminated through the platforms. This reduces the trust between individuals in scientific communication, forming an opinion climate of lack of trust, and may even create a crisis of trust. (2) For researchers with low information discrimination ability, it is difficult to distinguish between low-quality and high-quality preprints from the massive amount of information, to determine whether the data conforms to the objective facts. For scientific researchers with high information discrimination ability, they can use the preprint platforms to quickly capture cutting-edge information and improve their own scientific research awareness in a relatively short period of time. This may increase the differences between individuals in scientific communication. (3) The quantitative mechanism of the preprint platforms (introduction of hot rankings) may lead to scientific exchanges only for the pursuit of new topics, not for knowledge sharing. (4) The quantitative mechanism of the preprint platforms may also prevent some unpopular disciplines from obtaining attention resources, making it difficult to enter the policy agenda.
Finally, this study also believes that the future development of the preprint platforms need to deal with three contradictions: (1) The contradiction between immediacy and controlling the quality of information. (2) The contradiction between capitalization and scientific publicity. (3) Contradiction with the interests of the journal (the right of first publication). The preprint platforms have changed the way of scientific communication in many disciplines and strengthened the communication between researchers. However, preprint platforms still have shortcomings and need constant repairs to return to the essence of scientific communication.
Few scholars doubt the importance of trust in explaining variation in public perception of technological risk. Relatively little, however, is known about what “trust” actually consists of in any given circumstance. What do people mean when they say “I trust”? In other words, trust is hard to measure in any society. On the one hand, it has multiple targets, such as various institutions, social groups, and general people; On other hand, the substance of trust in a given target has multiple dimensions, such as competence, objectivity, and fairness. In addition, although the main effects of trust on risk perceptions has been debated at great length, it remains unclear whether the influence of trust will be moderated by other important factors, such as knowledge.
This present study is motivated by a concern to address this gap described above in the literature of risk analysis. Using a nationally representative survey of Chinese adults (N=1557), we address two major issues: (1) distinguishing between specific types of trust and further comparing the main effects of them on risk perceptions of artificial intelligence; (2) investigation the interaction effects between trust and knowledge. Results show that both of trust in regulators and in scientists are significantly and negatively correlated with public perceived risk. More specifically, the level of trust in regulators is lower than in scientists, but the strength of impact of trust in regulators is higher than that in scientists, and even than knowledge of artificial intelligence, which is measured by perceived familiarity of artificial intelligence. With regard to the different dimensions of trust in scientists, the competence-based trust has much stronger influence than value-based one. In addition to the main effect, there is a complementary interaction effects between trust and knowledge on risk perception. That is, the negative effects of the three kinds of trust on risk perception of artificial intelligence increases with increased levels of knowledge of the technology, and vice versa.
There are several of policy implications. First, we should continue to invest in science education and science popularization initiatives in order to mitigate public risk perception of artificial intelligence. Second, it is critical to pay much attention to the importance of trust as an element of “social capital” and take initiatives, such as social dialogue and public engagement, to build, maintain, and strength institutional trust, especially trust in government. Third, because of the complementary effect between knowledge and trust, it is not sufficient to invest in either knowledge communication or trust cultivation; instead, policy makers and opinion leaders should focus on knowledge and trust simultaneously.
We recognize that our study has several limitations. Above all, without experimental or longitudinal data, it is difficult to test the causal relationship validly, because the correlations between variables may be caused by some unobserved factors, such as personality. For this reason, the reader should exercise caution in interpreting the results from our statistical models. The second is that theoretically we classify trust into four categories based on different targets and dimensions, but empirically we only measure three type of trust because of limit of data. Finally, we only discuss the interaction effect between trust and knowledge, but other factors may also moderate the impact of trust. Therefore, we encourage future research pay much attention to these problems and advance our understanding of public attitudes towards technological innovations.
With the world’s largest number of researchers and second largest investment in scientific research, China has achieved remarkable results in both quantity and quality of innovations. However, the US-China trade war and the ZTE incident have shown that China's scientific prowess is not as dazzling as what statistics show, which has triggered criticism and controversy from all walks of life on China's "low level of science and technology" and "uselessness of scientific and technological achievements". Why is there a considerable discrepancy between statistics and reality? In order to answer this question, first, we extract the paradox of economy of scale in scientific research, an significant issue with Chinese characteristics, by comparing the data among OECD countries. Then, we propose a theoretical framework based on the innovation value chain and the typical characteristics of scientific research. And under this framework, we present a multi-level research on S&T talents and innovation performance at micro, meso plus macro levels, and comprehensively work through the multi-dimensional research results on the relationship between S&T talents and innovation performance, economic performance, social performance plus international performance, putting forward the following research propositions: (1) There may be an inverted U-shaped relationship between the scale of S&T talents and innovation quantity. (2) There may be a positive relationship between the scale of S&T talents and innovation quality. (3) There may be an inverted U-shaped relationship between the scale of S&T talents and economic performance. (4) There may be a positive relationship between the scale of S&T talents and social performance. (5) There may be an inverted U-shaped relationship between the scale of S&T talents and international performance. On this basis, this article points out the available research has four shortcomings: insufficient exploration of talent heterogeneity and structure, insufficient attention to tacit performance, incomplete consideration of outcome and subject differences, unclear mechanism and boundary conditions. For this reason, we suggest that future research should be carried out from the following aspects: (1) Fully consider the diversity and multi-tier of input-output indicators and strengthen micro-level research. Based on the subdivision of S&T talents in different regions, subjects, types, structures and levels, we should study the heterogeneous relationship between the accumulation of S&T talents and different types of performance, comprehensively analyze the differentiated results among different indicators, and explore the mechanism and boundary conditions of the complex relationship to provide solid theoretical evidence for more precise formulation of S&T talents support policies and the realization of the optimal allocation of scientific research resources. (2) Enrich the tacit performance indicators and explore the synergistic effect plus transformation mechanism among different performances. (3) Conduct crossover study on multiple types, levels, and systems to clarify the functions and positions of different subjects. (4) Discern the acting mechanism and boundary conditions among S&T innovation inputs and outputs in the condition of hierarchical classification. Finally, we consider that it is not convincing to criticize China's "low level of science and technology" and "uselessness of scientific and technological achievements" merely based on economic performance indicators without considering the type of outcomes and performance structure.
The aim of the CAFC-NEV mandate for new energy vehicles is to build a long-term mechanism to causing?Innovation. We gathered the data of 16 new energy automobile (vehicle) manufacturers.?And then, we studies and analyses the New changes of R&D Investment of New Energy Vehicle Manufacturers under the Background of the CAFC-NEV mandate from gestation to implementation through?three dimensions: scale, intensity and structure.?The results showed?that the CAFC-NEV mandate has played a positive role in "early release" of new energy vehicle enterprises，which significantly increased innovation?input?of automobile manufacturers.?and the scale is more obvious than that of intensity.?It seems pay more attention to capital investment, less to?human resources.?Heterogeneity of manufacturers has a moderating effect on the implementation effect of the CAFC-NEV mandate. The policy incentive on?"passenger car" manufacturers is relatively more significant. Scale and Roe have a positive moderating effect on the policy incentives.?The optimization and adjustment of China's new energy automobile industry policy should attach great importance to the positive role of policy "gestation period" in guiding relevant production enterprises to lay out "initiative" in advance. The CAFC-NEV mandate should focus on promoting manufacturers to increase the intensity of R&D investment and optimizing the structure of R&D investment, accelerate building?a new energy automobile industry environment?with more equitable, and guide manufacturers with different enterprise characteristics to embark on the development path driven by independent innovation.
Why has the central government been actively introducing policy guidance in the solar photovoltaic policy, while the local government has failed to respond positively from the initial motivation? Previous studies ignored the influencing factors of local government's solar energy policy, and did not consider the different stages of industrial development. Based on the provincial panel data from 2005 to 2014, this paper takes the local government's solar photovoltaic policy as the research object, and makes an empirical analysis combining with different stages of industrial development. It is found that economic development and energy demand are the main factors for local governments to issue solar photovoltaic policies. The results of regression in different periods further reveal that local governments have to lend a helping hand to avoid the local economy from being damaged, rather than the logic of cultivating enterprises.
In the context of the “innovation-driven development” strategy, supply-side structural reforms and tax and fee reduction policies. Research on the economic effects of R&D expenses plus deduction policy has important theoretical and practical significance. This paper treats the promulgation of Cai Shui〔2015〕No.119 as a quasi-experiment, uses the listed companies in Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from 2008 to 2017 as research samples, applies the method of Difference-in-Difference (DID) to study, investigates the impact of R&D expenses plus deduction policy on total factor productivity of enterprises. This paper obtains the following conclusions: (1) The implementation of R&D expenses plus deduction policy can significantly increase the total factor productivity of enterprises. (2) The significantly positive impact of R&D expenses plus deduction policy on total factor productivity of enterprises is achieved by increasing the R&D investment of enterprises. (3) The effect of this policy varies significantly among enterprises in different regions, different scales, different levels of competition in different industries and different life cycles. Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward some suggestions to improve the policy of additional deduction of r&d expenses in China.
As an important innovation resource, high-tech talents are the primary resource for all kinds of employers, especially for universities, research institutes and high-tech enterprises. As an important means for employers to attract and stabilize talents, welfare policy has become the trump card in the "war for talents" in major cities and employers in recent years. In order to help employers make better use of limited resources and formulate competitive welfare policies, and in order to increase the attractiveness of talents and prevent brain drain as well, this study proposes the concept framework of workplace amenities system based on amenity theory. The framework is made of four layers of amenities, namely survival amenities (the core layer), living amenities (the middle layer), mental amenities (the perisphere layer) and environmental amenities (the outer layer). Taking this concept as an analytical framework, we use several common management methods, including interviews, questionnaire surveys, literature research, text analysis and so on, to analyze talent attraction and stabilization policies of well-known universities, enterprises, and scientific research institutions at home and abroad, that is from 7 employers (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peking University, Tsinghua University, Jingdong Group, Alibaba Group, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and Stanford university). The results show that the 14 policies focus on the core amenities, namely house (purchase, rent, etc.), health (medical treatment, insurance, etc.) and home (enrolment of children, placement of spouse, etc.). It is found that in different regions, the workplace amenities provided by employers with different nature have the characteristics of convergence, focusing on providing survival amenities and living amenities, with taking the housing, health and family-related services as the core amenities. Furthermore, we take the “3H” project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (namely the HOUSING project, the HOME project and the HEALTH project) as an example, to research the different effect of core amenities elements on attracting and stabilizing talents. It is found that the needs of scientific researchers for core amenities are in order. The order from strong to weak is: HOUSING> HOME> HEALTH. According to these findings, the workplace amenities strategy is proposed for employers to attract and stabilize talents. Firstly, make use of the comfort system of the city, including the city's public facilities and services, natural environment, cultural and social comfort, etc., to develop corresponding strategies for the company to attract talents. For example, enterprises and institutions in Beijing can take advantage of Beijing's hukou indicator (including work and residence permit, integral settlement), conveniently located staff dormitories, and the cultural environment of the enterprise itself to attract talents. Secondly, maximize the use of limited resources, build a workplace amenities system with housing, health and home as the core, with the most attractive three services of housing, children's education and health management as the means to attract talents, and give the most powerful policies to the most critical talents; Thirdly, in the case of limited resources, according to the different effects of core amenities on talent attraction, differentiated and personalized workplace amenities strategies should be developed for key talents and general talents.
The paper investigates the effects of governance mechanisms on different dimensions of the quality of knowledge transfer, and the moderating effects of the relationships between boundary spanners. We use regression analysis to test the matched survey data from 225 buyer-supplier dyads in the household appliance industry in China. The results show that both contracts and transaction-specific investments have positive effects on the quality of knowledge transfer. While, there are differences in the relative effectiveness of the two mechanisms. Contracts are more effective in improving the quantity of knowledge transfer, but transaction-specific investments are more effective in improving the credibility of knowledge transfer. Meanwhile, the relationships between boundary spanners reduce the positive effects of contracts on the quality of knowledge transfer, increasing the positive effects of transaction-specific investments on the quality of knowledge transfer. The study provides powerful theoretical implications about how to effectively utilize governance mechanisms to improve the quality of knowledge transfer.
Opportunity, the starting point of entrepreneurship，directly influence the future development of the new business. Opportunity assessment and idea recognition are intrinsically interconnected as entrepreneurs also long for creative ideas; therefore, two dimensions of creativity, usefulness and novelty, could use to evaluate entrepreneurial ideas. However, due to the paradox relationship between these two dimensions, entrepreneurs need to make a trade-off during opportunity assessment. In this paper, we constructed indicators to measure the interaction and balance between novelty and usefulness referring to the bipartite literature. After analyzing data from 224 entrepreneurs, several points were found: in the process of opportunity assessment, there is a substitution effect between novelty and usefulness. At the same time, the equilibrium state of the two has a U-shaped effect on the opportunity evaluation. The more holistic the entrepreneur is, the stronger the U-shaped relationship. The results of this study provide a new perspective for understanding the opportunity assessment process, bridge the field of opportunity identification and idea recognition, in turn, have some implications for entrepreneurs’ decision-making.
The patent profit has characteristics of dynamic, random, unbalanced, relative and hidden, which is the core of patent creation, application, protection, management and service, and is closely related to patent quantity, quality and value. Taking patents granted by China and owned by domestic residents whose legal protection period expires in 2019 as the research object, based on the logistic regression-BP neural network model, the empirical analysis of influencing factors of the patent profit shows that: the patent subject characteristics have the greatest influence on the patent profit; the patent object characteristics and the patent event characteristics have a relatively weak influence on the patent profit and are relatively close; the influence degree of the patentee type, the economic status of the patentee’s region, and the inventor number in the patent subject characteristics on the patent profit orderly decreases; the influence degree of the patent family number, the independent claim number, and the patent citation in the patent object characteristics on the patent profit orderly decreases; the influence degree of the patent examination time, the litigation case number, and the patent cited number in the patent event characteristics on the patent profit orderly decreases.
Based on institutional theory, this paper utilizes enterprises in Tianfu Software Park in Chengdu as the empirical example, proposes and validates that by being isomorphic, enterprises can gain cognitive legitimacy from open source communities, and further develop collaborative innovation networks that are tightly coupled. Specifically, this paper portrays the process of isomorphism from two dimensions - institutional and behavioral, respectively. The former focuses on governance mechanism, while the latter points to business model. The regression results show that both two paths of isomorphism are positively related to the degree of coupling of enterprises and open source communities, and the relationship is mediated by cognitive legitimacy. The findings not only provide a feasible way for commercial organizations to better integrate into open innovation platforms represented by open source communities, but also supplement and extend institutional theory by decomposing the process of isomorphism into two dimensions. This paper also contributes by breaking the presupposition that the targets with which to be isomorphic should be limited to organizations with the same nature.
Breakthrough innovation is crucial for emerging countries to achieve technological catch-up and overtaking in the new round of scientific and technological revolution. However, no thorough conclusions have been drawn as to how to achieve breakthrough innovation in a short time with relatively weak technology accumulation and limited management experience. In this paper, based on patent data of V2X (including V2V, V2I, V2P and V2N) from CNIPA and USTPO patent database between 2001 and 2019, this study uses the social network analysis method, and combine a typical case of Baidu automatic driving R&D, to explores and analyze the mechanism of realizing breakthrough innovation from the perspective of the innovation subject and the innovation network characteristics in emerging countries. The findings suggest that: in terms of innovation subject, as the innovation resources of emerging countries are limited, compared with the developed countries which take industry backbone enterprises as the innovation subjects, the emerging countries take the enterprises collaborating with universities as the innovation subjects to concentrate innovation resources from enterprises and universities; in terms of innovation network relationship, as emerging countries need to turn overtaking competitors in a short period of time, the intermediary of breakthrough innovation network in emerging countries is more centralized on a few enterprise executives, who can use their alumni relationship of strong tie to promote the exploration and integration of innovation resources among enterprises and universities rapidly and effectively. Our research not only enriches the academic literature about the breakthrough Innovation and social network theory, but also gives out some countermeasures on how to break through resource constraints and achieve breakthrough innovation in a short period of time.
Creational and original capacity is the essential requirement of national high-quality development and a strategic choice to cope with international challenges. Based on the related research of creational and original capacity and the basic principle of Bayesian network, this paper constructs the Bayesian network model of the influence mechanism of creational and original capacity. By using mathematical reasoning, algorithm simplification and example analysis, the dynamic change state of diversification, complexity and uncertainty influencing factors of creational and original capacity is simulated and carried out by changing the prior probability of initial node and conditional probability of intermediate node in Bayesian network. The research results show that: the research on creational and original capacity based on Bayesian network not only transforms the theoretical, complex, systematic and structured creational and original capacity into a quantifiable and comparable mathematical problem, but also breaks the traditional single and static limitations of the influence mechanism, and provides an ideal dynamic change process for the influence mechanism of creational and original capacity. The solution provides reference and support for the cultivation, development and promotion of creational and original capacity.
With the transformation of main social contradiction, theimbalance of innovation-driven force of Chinese regional manufacturing industry is increasingly prominent. How to narrow the regional gap of innovation-driven development, build an innovation-driven community and promote innovation-driven regional coordinated development has become an important topic in theory and reality. Based on the analysis of the connotation of innovation-driven force of manufacturing industry, this paper constructs the evaluation index system of innovation-driven force of manufacturing industry by taking technological innovation and system innovation as the core. Then, the innovation-driven force of manufacturing industry are comprehensively analyzed in the whole country, east, central and west sub-regions, as well as sub-provinces by using the grey correlation projection comprehensive evaluation model based on the entropy method. The results show that: From 2006 to 2017, the innovation-driven force in Chinese manufacturing industry is on the rise in general. However there are obvious differences in the innovation-driven force of manufacturing industry among and within different regions. For this reason, the Gini coefficient is used to analyze the differences of innovation-driven force ofChinese regional manufacturing industry. The result shows that the difference ofinnovation-driven force of Chinese regional manufacturing industrypresents a trend of gradually widening. That is to say, it is embodied in an obvious "Matthew effect". This paper provides some policy implications for China to better implement the innovation-driven development strategy of manufacturing industry and promote the regional coordinated development of innovation-driven of manufacturing industry, so as to promote the construction of a strong manufacturing country and science and technology powers.
