Since their establishment, the National Science Foundation of the United States (NSF) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) have played an important role in the development of science and technology and the reform of science and technology system in the two countries. NSF and NSFC were established under the market system and the planning system respectively. A comparative study of their founding processes shows that, on the one hand, both NSF and NSFC were created in the key stage of the scientific research system transformation of the two countries, which were the institutional exploration of government support for science. On the other hand, there are differences in the subject of policy proposals, the problems to be solved, and the alliance and debate in consensus shaping, which reflects the deep social structure of the two countries. In general, the establishment of NSF and NSFC shows the characteristics of "idea first" and "practice first" respectively, and constructs a new way of national support for science under the market system and the planning system, which profoundly changes the relationship between the government and science. "How the government supports science" is not only the core issue in the establishment process of NSF and NSFC, but also an important issue facing the development of all countries, which show the new connotation and characteristic. In the face of the endless frontier of science, to strengthen the national strategic scientific and technological strength, China needs all sectors of society to jointly explore the answer to this question in both theory and practice.
This study aims to define the connotation and characteristics of technological lock-in through the characteristics of technological trajectories and suggests a comprehensive method to identify the main path and technology lock-in. Taking the photolithography industry as a case study, we identify the main path through the patent citation network. Depict the dynamic evolution of technological trajectories, trace the technological contributions of different core technologies at different stages, and describe photolithography's technological diversity from a geographical and technological perspective. The results show that from 1980-2010, photolithography was in a lock-in state; however, since 2010, we have observed more diverse technological paths. We found that the photolithography industry was dominated by the US, Germany, and Japan core technologies in the early stages. The technology diversity index has gradually increased in recent years, with Korea and Taiwan contributing more to the current lithography technology, mainly focusing on photoresist technology. China's photolithography technology has a large gap compared to developed countries and has not yet appeared in the technological main path trajectories, and only involves a few technology categories. Thus, this study offers significant contributions and implications for exploring technology lock-in, identifying technological opportunities, and suggesting lock-out, China's "technology lock-in " dilemma.
Big data as a new factor of production has become the "oil" in the era of digitalization. Innovation and entrepreneurship driven by data elements is becoming a new engine to achieve high-quality development in the new era. Yet there are relatively few researches on the value realization process and value creation process of data elements. This study aims at the problem of valuing data elements under the new development pattern and the mechanism of realizing the value of big data. It first discusses the "5I"(Integration, Interconnection, Insight, Improvement, Iteration) social attribute of data elements, followed by proposing a "factor-mechanism-performance" dynamic holistic model with a core part of data bank. Data bank is based on the full storage, comprehensive aggregation, standard right confirmation and efficient governance of massive data. Based on the social attributes of data elements, the mode and concept of banks, it makes data as a new kind of economic resource and further a tradeable asset, and finally realizes the transaction and application value-added of data. Data bank is a new business form and value-added service under the market-oriented allocation of data elements in the era of data economy. Then it systematically discusses the five-stage dynamic process mechanism of multi-dimensional value creation of data elements through data bank, that is, low cost convergence, standardized right confirmation, highly efficient governance, asset trading and full scenario application. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges, pointing out that the core technology is not yet mature and the value efficiency is low, the orientation of organization is unclear and the system and law need to be perfected. Finally, it proposes future research topics related big data value creation and policy suggestions for the implementation of this dynamic holistic mechanism, with a call for constructing a value creating ecosystem of data elements with Chinese characteristics so as to enable China’s new development pattern and sustainable development. This study provides theoretical and practical enlightenment for opening the "black box" of data elements value creation process, accelerating the value creation of data elements, enabling digital industrialization and industry digitalization, and then realizing high-quality sustainable development led by digital innovation in the new development stage.
Abstract: This paper takes the examples of five countries which is China, the U.S., the U.K., India and Germany as research objects and constructs an index evaluation system by Michael Porter Diamond Model(PDM), applying principal component analysis to quantitative about it and then summarizes the AI industry’s advantages and disadvantages of these countries. Artificial intelligence will go through the development cycle of "conceptualization, commercialization and industrialization". We put forward three policy types after being clear of the types of advantages elements which play a key role in different part of development of the AI. Finally, under the changes of the international political and economic, we suggest that we need to set our policies with the "dual circulation" to improve the competitiveness of China's artificial intelligence industry.
How to promote transform and upgrade becomes a challenge for all manufacturing firms. Industrial policy is of great significance to solve the bottleneck problem faced by manufacturing’s innovative development. This paper analyzes the industrial policy texts issued by Chinese government at central-provincial-municipal levels based on policy target-policy instrument patterns in order to identify the similarity characteristics between different levels of government. The results show that: (1)the policies pertaining to manufacturing transformation and upgrading show some similarities among all levels of government, their core policy targets focus on information transformation, innovation capabilities and their core policy instruments all include talent, capital, intellectual property; (2)the differences between central government local governments is obvious when it come to the operability of policy targets and the flexibility of policy instruments; (3) governments at all levels have formed a relatively stable behavior pattern regarding the choice of policy instruments, that is, the number of environmental policy instruments, supply-based policy instruments, and demand-based policy instruments has shown a stepwise decline. The research method provides reference for analyzing the vertical policy coordination, and the policy recommendations are beneficial to optimize the policy measures.
Based on the complex network analysis method, this study analyzed and visualized the data of 5G eMBB patent. We analyzed its technological competitive situation and patent strategies of leading firms. The study revealed that under the background of standard fragmentation, the firms’ patent strategies have changed strategically. To compete with American firms, Asian companies generally choose dislocation competition in the patent technology field. Although Huawei, OPPO and other Chinese enterprises have occupied an important position in global 5G technology landscape through differentiation and key breakthroughs, they are still insufficient in the breadth and depth of technology field compared with foreign enterprises such as Qualcomm. IDAC provides some important revelations of non-product-oriented patent strategy. Finally, we put forward some suggestions for innovation and patent strategy under the background of complex technology.
Based on the four types of risks of Internet finance, this paper uses decision-making laboratory method (DEMATEL) and interpretative structural model (ISM) to study and analyze the risk prevention and control path of Internet finance, in order to explore the role of blockchain technology in the process of Internet risk prevention and control.The results show that :(1) solving Internet technical problems is the first step to prevent and control Internet financial risks of blockchain.(2) Prevention and control of Internet technical risks and legal supervision are the core of the sustainable development of the Internet financial industry.(3) Improving market credit regulation needs the support of technology and legal supervision.(4) The continuous improvement of business risks shall be based on the consideration of technology, law and transaction credit.The research results provide a set of application path system for the prevention and control of the risks of Internet finance with blockchain technology. It is hoped that more scholars can increase their attention to the prevention and control of the risks of blockchain and Internet finance, and propose a more complete prevention and control of the risk path system of Internet finance with blockchain technology.It is suggested that the central bank can jointly promote the application of blockchain technology in the Internet finance industry from multiple levels, including the government, financial institutions, Internet enterprises and users, so as to realize the sustainable development of the Internet finance industry.
Chinese manufacturers have developed unique advantages by introducing advanced technologies from developed countries and carrying out secondary innovations. Manufacturers often face the situation of “exploring no man’s land”, when their technological capabilities have reached a certain level. In this context, how to deal with the rapidly changing market environment has become one of the ways for manufacturers to maintain their competitive advantages. As an innovative form of user-firm interaction, servitization increases the value of products by acquiring customer sickness information, helping traditional manufacturers transform from product providers to service providers. A typical case company, Hangyang, has transformed from selling air separation equipment to a gas service provider. In the year 2016, the revenue of gas service has surpassed the air separation equipment, becoming the company’s main income sources.
Digital technologies have a profound impact on the management and operation of upstream and downstream. The application of technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data in servitization can provide innovative operational methods. For example, the Internet of Things technology has changed the way of how equipment manufactured and operated. And also, it created new service categories for manufacturers. For example, Siemens has developed product lifecycle management (PLM) software services based on such digital technologies, which helps them to maintain a world leading position in the field of industrial software systems.
Servitization is a complex process that is influenced by multiple factors. The “servitization paradox” emphasizes that as business models change, servitization will face huge challenges. Servitization in the digital context is generally regarded as a type of organizational changes. Different level of digitalization will have brought a different servitization outcome. On the one hand, servitization takes a longer relationship and cooperation with customers rather than a single transaction. On the other hand, servitization in the digital context would create more ways of user-firm interaction. Therefore, manufacturers need to consider different governance mechanisms in this process.
Servitization is seen as an effective way for manufacturing companies to maintain their competitive advantages. The application of digital technology in the process of servicing has changed the way of equipment operation and service for manufacturers. Servitization in the digital context not only provides new types of user-firm interaction but also changes in the relationship between enterprises and users. Therefore, it becomes particularly important to adopt different governance mechanisms in such process. Based on 308 questionnaire survey data of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, this research empirically tests the impact of servitization on innovation performance. The results of the study showed that: (1) servitization has a positive impact on innovation performance; (2) the impact of servitization under high digital level on innovation performance is significantly regulated by relational governance, and the impact of servitization under low digital level on innovation performance significantly regulated by contractual governance. The management enlightenment of this study is that managers should adopt different governance mechanisms according to the different digital situations in which companies are located. Compared with the situation of low digitalization, in the case of the high level of digitalization, manufacturers should pay more attention to the role of non-economic factors such as relational governance.
As intellectual property rights become the commanding heights of the future industrial competition, firm patent behavior receives widespread attention from the academic and practical fields. Patent is not only a manifestation of a firm’s innovation achievement and technological strength, but also a very valuable signal to external stakeholders. Based on the signaling theory, previous research has emphasized the positive influence of patents as signals on firms’ resource acquisition. Particularly, compared with the developed countries with complete patent and market systems, the signal function of patents is more prominent in China. When firms give up the patent right due to the low patent value or firms have patent exceeding the protection period, patent termination happens, resulting in the reduction of firm patent number. Patent termination poses a threat of signal loss for firms, whereas whether and how firms respond to this threat is still underexamined.
From the perspective of signal loss, this paper proposes that patent termination will trigger a positive response from firms, ing firms’ patent application behavior. At the same time, the response of a firm is affected by internal and external contextual factors such as firm network centrality, political connections, and firm performance. Specifically, the reduction of patent number caused by firm patent termination, will trigger firms’ response behaviors and encourage firms to apply for more patents in order to restore signal function of patents indicating firm capability to external environment. Furthermore, internal and external factors have contingent effects on this process. We propose that network centrality in interlocks will mitigates the positive effect of patent termination on firm’s subsequent patent application behaviors. This is because higher network centrality diminishes the information asymmetry and facilitates firms more easily acquire resources from the external networks, and therefore substitute the signal function of patents. Similarly, political connections also mitigate the positive effect of patent termination on firm’s subsequent patent application. Political connections may reduce firms’ dependence on the signal function of patents to external stakeholders. In addition, firm performance will positively moderate the effect of patent termination on patent application. The reduced patent number signaling low firm capability, is inconsistent with high firm performance indicating high firm capability, hence firms will apply for more patents to send unitive signals to convince external stakeholders that they perform well.
We use the panel data of Chinese patent-intensive listed firms from 2008 to 2017, and adopt the negative binomial regression for analysis. The results show that patent termination has a positive effect on firm patent application behavior. Firm network centrality and political connections will weaken, while firm performance will strengthen the positive relationship between patent termination and firm patent application behaviors.
This paper sheds light on patent termination and reveals the patent application strategy of Chinese firms from a new perspective of signal loss, expanding the theoretical spectrum of patent literature. This paper also has valuable practical implications for firms, especially some enlightenment for the promotion of firm innovation. Managers should realize that patent termination is an essential factor in the innovation process, and carefully consider firm patent strategy to decide whether to put more efforts into patent application behaviors. Moreover, when firms are confronted with patent termination and respond to increase patent applications, they should pay special attention to the impact of network embedded.
Patent is an important means to improve the ability of national independent innovation . As one of the sources of original innovation and a place where talents and knowledge gather, colleges and universities have unique advantages in scientific research. Besides, with the implementation of the innovation-oriented national strategy, universities' scientific and technological input is increasing and their scientific and technological achievements are increasing. At the same time, colleges and universities themselves often have the inertia thinking of "attaching more importance to scientific research than to transformation" and the actual situation of "large quantity but low quality", which makes universities and colleges face a great transformation dilemma, and the practical problem of "high yield and low transformation" needs to be solved urgently. In this context, how to deal with the dilemma of patent transformation in colleges and universities, and how to open up the business closed loop from invention to transformation and application of patent achievements has become one of the important ways for colleges and universities to maintain their innovation advantages.
Patent transformation is a complex process involving multiple subjects and links, which has dynamic characteristics from university research and development to enterprise application. The three factors of university, science and technology intermediary and enterprise are likely to be the trigger points affecting patent transformation. Based on the perspective of configuration analysis, the qualitative comparative analysis method of fuzzy sets combines the dual advantages of case study and variable study, which is helpful to answer the multiple concurrent causality relationship. Based on technical means such as set and boolean operation, it can give different combinations of paths leading to specific results. Therefore, from the overall perspective, this study takes universities, science and technology intermediaries and enterprises as the research objects, and selects patent quality, patent transformation ability, commercial investment, science and technology intermediary service ability and big data ability as the antecedent variables. Based on the whole process of patent transformation, a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method is used to explore the multiple equivalent paths of patent transformation in universities. It is found that there are multiple concurrent causality in patent transformation in universities. A single key factor does not constitute a necessary condition for high or low patent transformation performance, but must be combined with other factors to play a role. Big data capability is the key factor to improve patent conversion performance of universities. As long as big data capability exists, high patent conversion performance will be generated regardless of the combination of big data capability and any other factors, and the lack of big data capability will also lead to the generation of non-high patent conversion performance. There are three models to produce high patent transformation performance, namely, the scientific and technological service driven mode led by university innovation, the commercial capital enabling mode supported by enterprise capability, and the university-enterprise cooperation transformation mode connected by scientific and technological intermediary. Each mode corresponds to the transformation path under different situations. The research conclusion provides theoretical guidance for universities to choose the corresponding patent transformation path according to their own situation, and also provides practical guidance for universities to choose the patent commercialization mode.
Nowadays, green technology with the characteristics of high efficiency, low carbon and recycling is not only the inevitable choice for the development of human society, but also the key to the high-quality development of resource-based enterprises. However, it needs the support of corresponding innovation environment and factor supply, and the digital environment gradually formed by relying on technologies such as big data provides it with an unprecedented opportunity. Digitization is becoming the leading force driving innovation and transformation. With the acceleration of the construction of Digital China, can digitalization effectively promote the green technology innovation of traditional resource-based enterprises, break through the dual constraints of resources and environment and embark on the road of high-quality development? Accelerating digital development has become a general trend. How Chinese resource-based enterprises take advantage of the trend to catch the fast train of digital development and quickly integrate into the new environment of digital development is directly related to their own high-quality development level. From the perspective of technology integration capability. Based on the sample of A-share resource-based listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2016 to 2019, this paper empirically tests the impact and internal mechanism of digital comprehensive level and its five sub indicators on green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises. The five sub indicators are: Digital foundation, digital input, digital literacy, digital economy and digital application. This paper constructs the digital level measurement index system by using the coefficient of variation method. And comprehensively measure the digital level of 30 provinces in China. And the empirical results are obtained by using stata15.1 software. It is found that the comprehensive level of regional digitization has a significant "∩" impact on the green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises. Among the five first level indicators of digital level, four sub indicators such as digital foundation, digital input, digital economy and digital application have a significant "∩" impact on the green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises in the jurisdiction. However, digital literacy has no significant impact on the "∩" of green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises in the jurisdiction. That is, there is an appropriate level of digitization in the above different dimensions, and excessive investment is not conducive to promoting green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises. Technology integration ability positively regulates the impact of regional digital comprehensive level on green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises. Technology integration ability positively regulates the impact of digital foundation, digital input, digital literacy, digital economy and digital application on green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises in the jurisdiction. The results show that in resource-based enterprises, the regional digital level only provides the basis of technical resources for enterprises. Only through the internal technology integration can we give full play to the value of different technology combinations, which is helpful for enterprises to carry out green technology innovation. In short, accelerating the improvement of regional digital level and enhancing the ability of enterprise technology integration are of great significance to promote green technology innovation of resource-based enterprises, so as to realize high-quality development guided by ecological priority and green development.
Along with the rapid growth of Chinese economy, the problem of environmental deterioration has been increasingly serious. As the primary environmental polluters, enterprises should have borne the responsibility of environmental governance and strengthened the green technology innovation. However, due to the externalities of environment protection, enterprises are often reluctant to participate in green innovation. The Green Credit Guidelines (GCG) promulgated in 2012 is a significant institutional arrangement for the environment protection in China, which highlights bank credit as an important tool of environment protection. Specifically, the GCG requires financial institutions to pay more attention to the environmental risk and social risk of enterprises. As an important measure to adjust the credit resources, the fundamental purposes of the GCG are to improve the quality of the environment and promote the green transformation of the industry. Therefore, it is significant to analyze the impact of the GCG on enterprise green innovation. However, most studies on the GCG mainly focuses on theoretical discussion and effect evaluation, and there is little evidence about whether and how the GCG influences enterprise green innovation.
Using the promulgation of the GCG as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper investigates the impact of the green credit policy on the green innovation of heavily polluting enterprises with the help of difference in difference method. Compared with other study on the relationship between environmental regulation and green innovation of enterprise, this paper avoids endogenous problem among variables. In addition, this paper enriches the enterprise green innovation factors and the GCG environmental consequences of the relevant literature, which also helps to the following promotion of the green credit policy and the construction of green finance.
The conclusions of this paper are as follows: First, the GCG has a significant negative impact on the green innovation of heavily polluting enterprises, and this relationship is robust to different specifications and alternative measures. Second, the reduction of credit scale and the increase of credit cost are possible channel. Third, the heterogeneity analysis shows that the negative net effect of the GCG on enterprise green innovation is more pronounced in the green invention patents and enterprises that are not state owned or do not have large scale. Based on the above conclusions, this paper suggests the government should pay attention to the policy distortion, establish the incentive mechanism for green credit and promote the environmental information resource sharing.
Taking "City Brain" as the infrastructure and underlying support for urban operation and governance is the major trend in the future. The successful construction of "City Brain" cannot be achieved without the benign mutual promotion mechanism of government and enterprise. Based on the survey of the "City Brain" construction subjects in Haidian District, Beijing, an embedded case method was used to analyze the complementary relationship, structural logic, and mechanism of government-enterprise innovation partnership mechanism. The research finds that: (1) in the government-enterprise innovation partnership mechanism , the government and enterprises have established a long-term healthy complementary relationship; (2) the partnership mechanism of government-enterprise innovation is an organic combination of "government coordination + system guarantee + market operation". Government behavior shifts to public service functions and overall planning, generating scarce institutional resources, and determining the direction and quality of the "City Brain" through top users; micro enterprises respond to the needs of government user in a market-oriented competitive environment that is compatible with innovation incentives, and influence the direction and quality of government demand through the feedback mechanism. The government-enterprise innovation partnership mechanism has formed an organic combination of limited public service-oriented government and competitive markets, which provides an empirical basis for handling the relationship between government and enterprises.
The complicated domestic and international situation after the COVID-19 epidemic has put forward new requirements for China's regional innovation and development. However, the main paradigm of regional innovation research in China is still the traditional regional innovation system theory, which pays insufficient attention to "knowledge", the core resource of regional innovation, and urgently needs new theoretical methods and policy tools. This paper introduces the basic theory of Regional Knowledge Base, which has been widely concerned in the West in recent years, and its emphasis on regional knowledge differentiation and dynamic evolution has important reference significance for China.
Firstly, this paper defines the connotation of Regional Knowledge Base, which is the accumulation of knowledge acquired in a region's long-term historical evolution. Its unique scale, structure and quality characteristics determine the core competitive advantage of regional innovation, and also profoundly affect the track direction of regional technological development in the future. Secondly, the paper reviews the formation process of the basic theory of regional knowledge, divides it into two periods: 1.0 and 2.0, and summarizes the theoretical viewpoints and problems in different periods respectively.Thirdly, the paper summarizes the research on the multi-dimensional characteristics of regional knowledge base from three aspects: scale, structure and quality, focusing on analyzing the characteristics of regional knowledge base from the perspectives of diversity, relevance, complexity and originality.
This paper introduces the dynamic perspective of evolutionary economic geography, and analyzes the dynamics of the evolution of regional knowledge base. Through literature review, this paper points out that technology association and regional institution are the main driving forces of regional knowledge evolution, and discusses the connotation and mechanism of technology association and regional institution respectively, with emphasis on the important role of regional institution in changing the path of knowledge evolution after China's reform and opening up.Then, the evolution path of regional knowledge base is analyzed, which is summarized as a complex process of "path dependence-lock in-path breakthrough". The process of knowledge creation and dissemination is influenced by path dependence, and the mechanism of path dependence mainly includes dependence on initial opportunity events, related diversified development, scale effect, irreversibility of investment and so on. Long-term path dependence may lead to the locked technical track of the region, which leads to stagnation and recession. When the path lock-in seriously hinders the regional knowledge renewal and even leads to the regional decline, the region needs to evolve new industries or knowledge group so as to move towards a new development track, which is called path breakthrough. Path breakthrough can transform existing industries by creating new path locally, improving the diversity and heterogeneity of knowledge structure, injecting new technologies or deriving from existing industries to related new industries, and introducing new industries and new knowledge from outside regions. Finally, the paper discusses how to use the theory of regional knowledge base to guide the formulation of China's regional innovation policy, especially to strengthen the cultivation of regional knowledge base, optimize the technical structure of local technology library and form local core competitive advantage.
Convergence research is a paradigm of scientific research based on interdisciplinary to solve major problems, which has been highly valued by major countries in recent years under the background of intensified international technology competition. Due to differences in concepts and methods, this paradigm of "convergence research " is significantly different from that of the past. Based on a combination of quantitative and qualitative method, this article takes the star drug—epoetin alfa as a case, and uses retrospective analysis to map the drug's R&D evolution trajectory and describes the " convergence research " characteristics reflected in this trajectory ,and then extracts the characteristics of the convergence research. This article lay the foundation for promoting the development of convergence research and better solving the major problems facing China and even all mankind.
