The level of civic scientific literacy is an indicator reflecting the results of educational reform, science communication, and the progress of general society development in a country or region. In view of the rapid development of China in recent decades, civic scientific literacy reflects the accumulation of these factors. Based on the series survey data, using Age-Period-Cohort model, the age, period and generation effects to growing Chinese civic scientific literacy got analyzed, and the specific contributions of education, science communication and social environment to civic scientific literacy also got cleared, revealing the internal and external factors of the development of civic scientific literacy.
Firstly, based on this APC model, our main hypotheses got validated. (1) Age, period and cohort effects have significant influence on the development of civic scientific literacy; (2)Age effect contributes differently in different stages of life, and the change of scientific literacy in human life cycle shows a relatively gentle inverted U-shaped curve, which is positive before 35 years of age and after that negative; (3)Period effect is reflected in a certain period of social change, and the construction of civic scientific literacy in recent 10 years has played a significant role in promoting scientific literacy; (4) The contribution of the cohort effect to the promotion of scientific literacy is mainly reflected in the replacement of cohorts, and its impact is much greater than the age and period effects, and its main source is the increment of the new cohort of high-literate people formed by the development of education to the overall population. When education reaches a high-quality and stable state, the difference in scientific literacy between cohorts will be greatly reduced, and the level of civic scientific literacy will also enter a stage of steady development. At that time, the promotion of scientific literacy will mainly rely on the contribution of the period effect and the age effect, which is also the main feature of the current development of civic scientific literacy in the United States, Japan, Europe and other countries and regions.
Then, the period effect of civic scientific literacy also got analyzed from the three dimensions of education, popularization and dissemination. The following findings are obtained: (1) Except for Cohort 1, the Internet has the highest explanation for the scientific literacy of all cohorts. The contribution of traditional media represented by TV and emerging media represented by the Internet to the development of scientific literacy shows a relationship of ebb and flow; (2)Science and technology venues have a greater interpretation for the promotion of scientific literacy, while natural museums have a relatively low interpretation for the promotion of scientific literacy; (3)The interpretation of public library on the promotion of scientific literacy of all cohorts is relatively large and stable, indicating that public library plays a fundamental role in promoting the civic scientific literacy; (4)For the lifelong learning stage of adults, reading books has a limited explanation for the promotion of the scientific literacy of the whole population, but it makes a great contribution to that of the new cohort; (5)Boosting the promotion of civic scientific literacy requires the joint action of multiple factors. It is necessary to further improve civic scientific literacy construction ability and meet the scientific literacy needs of different groups in the new era with diversified, generalized and accurate popular science public services.
The scale and intensity of a country’s R&D activities reflect a country’s scientific and technological strength and core competitiveness at the macro level, and reflect the company’s innovation capabilities and development speed at the micro level. Therefore, more and more countries have begun to attach importance to R&D investment, and are rushing to introduce various policies to promote enterprise R&D and increase the proportion of R&D. In April 2008, our government promulgated the " Administrative Measures for Determination of High and New tech Enterprises". The recognized high and new tech enterprises can receive tax reductions and exemptions, the tax rate is reduced by 10 points, and the tax amount is reduced by 40%. In addition, these companies also enjoy many preferential policies such as direct rewards, brand enhancement, and asset depreciation. But if a company want to get this title, he need some indicators to exceed the prescribed threshold, the most important of which is the intensity of research and development. Manufacturing enterprises can meet the policy threshold through R&D manipulation and obtain policy preferences such as tax relief, but deliberate R&D manipulation does not necessarily lead to the improvement of enterprise productivity. Based on the micro data of Chinese enterprises from 2008 to 2018, the nonparametric quantile model based on B-spline basis function expansion can capture more truly the non-linear heterogeneous effect of R&D intensity on enterprise productivity. The results show that: (1) R&D manipulation has a nonlinear effect on enterprise productivity, that is, with the continuous increase of R&D manipulation, It will inhibit the high-quality development of enterprises. (2) R&D manipulation has significant heterogeneous effects at different quantiles, and the sensitivity to R&D manipulation is higher at the low quantile, that is, the lower the enterprise productivity level, the more significant the negative impact of R&D manipulation. (3) Non state owned enterprises are more motivated to carry out R&D manipulation, and have a more significant negative impact on productivity. In addition, R&D manipulation has different effects on the productivity of enterprises in different regions or technology types, especially on high-tech types and central and western regions. (4) R&D manipulation has a significant lag effect on enterprise productivity. Chinese enterprises should not blindly manipulate R&D, but also closely integrate with their own enterprise productivity. It can provide decision-making basis for improving enterprise productivity by selecting reasonable R &D intensity.
Catch-up with the world frontier of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) carries the great vision of realizing scientific and technological self-reliance for China. This paper apple the logistic model to identify the technology life cycle of the sub field of advanced manufacturing technology, and Revealed Technological Advantage Index (RTA) applied to analyze the technical advantages of major industrialized countries in different cycle stages of different technology sub fields. Then this paper established the cost-benefit model of catch-up in different technology cycle stages in China's advanced manufacturing technology catch-up, and give a simulation analysis based on assignment of technology value, technology distance, product and technology diffusion speed. The result shows, first, in the process of evolution, advanced manufacturing technology presents the characteristics of unbalanced sub fields and asynchronous development in periodic stages, which provides an important opportunity window for the technology catch-up for developing economies; Second, from the perspective of RTA and technology life cycle, China's opportunity window of technology catch-up is more significant in some sub fields - such as remanufacturing technology, bionic manufacturing technology and industrial robot than in others; Third, even for the fields with technology catch-up opportunity window, there is a significant difference in the total income of catch-up by initiating in different technology cycle stages. These conclusions have important enlightenment significance for China's AMT to identify the catch-up field and formulate the catch-up strategy.
Using the Industrial Robot data, Customs Database and Industrial Enterprise Database from 2006 to 2015, match the industrial intelligence level of 211 prefecture-level cities with the degree of city global value chain embedment, and examine the impact and mechanism of city industrial intelligence on the degree of global value chain embedment. The results show that the improvement of industrial intelligence has significantly improved the city's global value chain embedment. The results of robustness and endogeneity tests show that this conclusion is robust and credible; the analysis of heterogeneity found that there exist significant regional and industry differences in the impact of industrial intelligence on the city global value chain embedment, and industrial intelligence enhances the degree of the city value chain embedment, which is mainly manifested in ordinary trade; mechanism analysis shows that the positive influence of industrial intelligence on the degree of city global value chain embedment is mainly to increase labor productivity, improve labor mismatch and distortion. The policy implications of this paper are to accelerate the process of industrial intelligence in cities and improve the efficiency of labor allocation to enhance the level of city global value chain embedment.
High-value patent related work has become a significant aspect of the economic and social development in China. An important premise and pathway in conducting such work is a reasonable understanding and a scientific evaluation of patent value. This paper systematacially looks back at and summarizes objective patent value indicators from aspects of protection scope, innovation level, entity characteristic, and time factor. By manually collecting 1704 assigned university patents, and using assignment price to proxy patent value, we empirically analyze the impacts of the indicators on patent value. It is found that patent value is endogenous. The number of claims, the number of document pages, owing family member(s) abroad, the number of word in the independent claim, and patent age have significant effect on patent value. The number of inventors, examination duration, citation information, and collaboration with enterprise don’t have significant effect on patent value. By using the assignment price levels of 50 thousand, 100 thousand, and 150 thousand Yuan as thresholds in differentiating whether a patent has high value, we conduct Probit regressions, and find that high value patents not only have high quality in law sense, but also in technology sense, and the latter is an important foundation.
he relationship between humble leadership and creativity is an emerging research topic in the context of organizational change, but most of the previous studies were limited to a single level. We argue that it is necessary to distinguish between individual-focused and team-focused humble leadership and their unique influences on individual and team level scientific creativity to fully understand how team leaders stimulate science and technology innovation effectively. Using multi-level data from 404 science and engineering undergraduates of 100 science and technology innovation teams across 78 universities in China, we examine the independent and interactive effects of multi-level focused humility leadership on individual and team scientific creativity. The results show that: at the individual level, individual-focused humble leadership has a positive effect on individual scientific creativity, which is mediated by individual perspective taking. At the team level, team-focused humble leadership has a positive effect on team scientific creativity, and team perspective taking mediates this positive effect. Furthermore, team perspective taking constructs a cross-level situational factor, which not only moderates the effect of individual perspective taking on individual scientific creativity, but also moderates the indirect effect of individual-focused humble leadership on individual scientific creativity through individual perspective taking. The above effects are stronger when team perspective taking is high. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
In the current complex international economic environment, how to attract overseas Chinese to return home to start a business has become the focus of attention. From the perspective of cultural environment, based on the theory of entrepreneurial ecosystem and planned behavior, this paper constructs a theoretical model of the impact of reverse culture shock on the entrepreneurial intention of overseas Chinese returning home. Through the empirical analysis of 221 questionnaires, we find that: First, the reverse culture shock negatively affects overseas Chinese’s entrepreneurial intention; Secondly, entrepreneurial self-efficacy plays a partial mediating role between reverse culture shock and entrepreneurial intention of overseas Chinese; Thirdly, entrepreneurial policy support strengthens the mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy in reverse culture shock and entrepreneurial intention. Finally, this paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions on how to enhance the entrepreneurial intention of overseas Chinese by weakening the reverse culture shock. The contribution of this paper lies in that it not only enriches the research results of cultural environment on Immigrant Entrepreneurship from the perspective of cultural readaptation, but also to promote the construction of "double cycle" economic pattern by making use of the resource advantages of overseas Chinese.
The new generation of information technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence are constantly penetrating and changing entrepreneurial behavior and results, bringing opportunities and challenges to the development of new enterprises. At present, the research on the influence of enterprise information technology capability on entrepreneurial activities is still in the exploratory stage. In this paper, 338 sample data of entrepreneurial enterprises were collected to conduct an empirical study on the relationship between IT capability, entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development, digital business intensity and entrepreneurial performance. This paper mainly analyzes the mechanism by which IT ability influences entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development in the digital context, and also examines the moderating effect of digital business intensity on this mechanism. The results show that: IT Infrastructure ability, IT business spanning ability and IT proactive stance are all helpful to improve entrepreneurial performance; Entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development play an intermediary role between the three IT capabilities and entrepreneurial performance. Digital business intensity plays a positive moderating role between IT capability and entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development, and further moderates the mediating role of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development between the three IT capabilities and entrepreneurial performance. Namely, the higher the digital business intensity is, the more significant the mediating effect of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development is.
There are three main innovations. First of all, the category of IT capability has been paid more attention by many scholars in the field of information system research. This study extends this category to the perspective of digital entrepreneurship, and verifies the important role of IT capability in the growth process of entrepreneurial enterprises based on the theory of entrepreneurial opportunity and resource dependence. Secondly, this study also expands the application field of the research paradigm of capacity-behavior-performance, and reveals the mediating mechanism of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development between IT capability and entrepreneurial performance. Most studies have analyzed the impact of IT capability as a whole on organizational performance, and the conclusions are divided: some scholars believe that IT capability has a direct impact on organizational performance, while some scholars believe that IT capability itself cannot directly affect organizational performance. In this paper, IT capabilities are divided into IT Infrastructure capabilities, IT business spanning capabilities and IT proactive stance, and explore the differences in the influence paths of different types of IT capabilities on entrepreneurial performance, which is helpful to explain the reasons for the differences in previous studies and promote the relevant research progress. Finally, the interactive perspective of capability and environment is introduced to study entrepreneurial performance. IT is proposed that digital business intensity provides a boundary condition for the mechanism of the interaction between IT capability and entrepreneurial performance, which improves the deficiencies of existing researches based on the capability perspective. The interactive perspective is helpful to clarify the mechanism of the influence of IT capability on entrepreneurial performance. It also provides theoretical support for the practical observation that information technology enables entrepreneurship practice. In order to clarify the internal mechanism of information technology enabling entrepreneurship, provide a theoretical basis for enterprise informatization and intelligent construction, and put forward a beneficial supplement to the research on the interaction between organizational ability and environment in the context of digital entrepreneurship. This study enriches the research content of information technology to empower entrepreneurship, which is conducive to promoting the application of information technology in entrepreneurial theory and practice.
To clarify the economic logic for the open sharing of research data and make the corresponding institutional arrangement can help to offer the theoretical and practical references for standardizing the research data management and mining the potential of data in serving the scientific research, economy, and society. This work starting from analyzing the goods attribute of research data and the essence of its open sharing, the work proposes a model of open sharing in stages for research data. The cost-benefit method is then used to analyze its economic logic, while a welfare comparison with other research data managing and sharing modes is adopted as well. The result suggests that it is an institutional arrangement with high feasibility and higher welfare level for research data to implement open sharing in stages.Finally, the corresponding operation arrangements are made for the key issues such as the property right definition ,research data transaction and sharing platform, chargeable time nodes, and so on.
The basic mode of funding scientific development by the US federal government includes a centralized management and funding mode based on the national laboratory system, and a free exploration scientific research funding mode based on science funds. The national laboratory system is the main channel for the federal government to fund science. National laboratories focus on task-oriented research and serve the needs of the country. Most national laboratories adopt the "government-owned, contract-operated" governance model, which mainly involves the relationship between the federal competent agency, national laboratories, and contractors. The management system of national laboratories is designed around the regulatory requirements of the federal competent authorities and the needs of research tasks. The core system (take the Ministry of Energy as an example) includes the allocation of financial funds and funding forms, laboratory strategies and the requirements of the federal competent agencies. Collaboration, M&O contract mechanism, contractor’s PEMP performance appraisal mechanism, contractor guarantee system establishment, and the evaluation and accountability system of the supervisory authority.
Since Schumpeter's introduction of innovation into economics, the theoretical community has been exploring the theme of "innovation" for more than a hundred years in accordance with the development of the times. In order to comprehensively and systematically recognize the connotation and theoretical development of innovation, more than 50 Western classic innovation theories that have a significant impact on domestic and foreign innovation theory research are selected based on the literature. According to the three dimensions of chronological order, disciplinary field and research theme, the development context of classical innovation theories are sorted out. According to the time dimension, it is divided into 4 stages: new Schumpeter stage, deconstruction of innovation field stage, innovation system integration stage and innovation ecosystem stage. According to the disciplinary field, the innovation theory research is divided into three main fields and summarized: innovation economics, innovation management and innovation methodology. According to the research theme, focus on the topics of growth momentum, innovation drivers, technological evolution, industrial innovation, regional innovation, national innovation, international catch-up, innovation management, innovation model, innovation subject and innovation management methods or tools to classify and summarize. Through the three-dimensional summary of the classic innovation theories, the evolution of innovation theories is clarified, which will have important reference value for the construction of China's innovation theory.
Under the background of "decoupling theory", the relationship between independence and openness of enterprise’ independent innovation needs to be explained theoretically. Most of the traditional innovation studies are based on the diffusion model, which holds that independence is the transcendental inherent attribute of technology, so there is no need to explain the relationship between independence and openness. However, from the perspective of actor network theory, independent innovation is based on the translation model, and the attribute of technology is not transcendental, but is co-defined by the actors involved. The translation model attempts to restore the emerging innovation, rather than trying to explain the factors that affect innovation, because these factors are uncertain until the innovation is completed. The research on Huawei 5G technology innovation based on the translation model shows that the independence of technology innovation can be divided into two aspects. On the one hand, as the center of the accumulative cycle, the innovation subject should rely on the accumulative cycle to bring back the knowledge and redefine the knowledge. On the other hand, the innovation subject should make the relevant technology become the international standard of the industry and define the “obligatory passage point”, and this is accomplished through open negotiations with other actors in the process of commercialization of technology. From the perspective of traditional innovation theory, knowledge is ready-made, so traditional innovation theory only pays attention to the study of Huawei's global R&D system. While from the perspective of actor-network theory, if we do not understand what it means to acquire knowledge, then the so-called “knowledge” can’t be defined. Huawei not only uses its global R&D system to pool scattered innovation resources into itself, but more importantly, in the process, it continues to redefine knowledge through the accumulative cycle. Finally, knowledge is moved into Huawei, resulting in new technologies and patents, breaking the "open paradox" that traditional innovation theory cannot overcome. In addition, Huawei has also incorporated these technologies and patents into international technical standards through negotiations with other actors, promoting them to become a “obligatory passage point” for the industry. In this process, technology is not immutable, but constantly changing with the negotiation of actors. Only when the negotiation is completed, technological innovation can be completed. The reason why the redefinition of knowledge and the definition of "obligatory passage point" can become an important embodiment of Huawei's independent innovation is due to the power given by the actor network. The power of the actor network comes from the heterogeneous actors. To maintain the power of the actor network needs to be open to other actors and constantly translate more actors. So, the stronger the power of the actor network, the stronger the independence of technology innovation. In this sense, technology innovation is not only a process of technological research in the laboratory, but also a process of interaction between technology and society, and a process of open negotiations with other actors. Therefore, the independence and openness of enterprise’ independent innovation not only do not contradict each other, but also its independence is emerged from this kind of openness.
Under the new wave of the Science and Technology Revolution, the formation of innovative consortiums among firms is a general trend. Diverse technologies in cooperative innovation networks have become key external resources for firm innovation. However, empirical studies about how technological diversity of innovation network influences firm’s innovation performance are still lacking. Besides, existing studies often ignore the possible different influences from different combinations of firm’s internal and external resources on the firm’s innovation performance. Combining the theories of social network, knowledge base and dynamic capability, this article constructed cooperative innovation networks with joint patent application data of listed companies in the information technology industry, used random-effect negative binomial regression analytical method of panel data, analyzed the contingency factor and inner mechanism of how technological diversity of innovation network influences firm’s innovation performance, and finally examined a mediated moderation model. The results show that technological diversity of innovation network positively affects firm’s innovation performance; firm’s knowledge depth positively moderates the relationships between technological diversity of innovation network and firm’s innovation performance, while the moderation effect of firm’s knowledge width is not significant; the moderation effect of firm’s knowledge depth on the relationships between technological diversity of innovation network and firm’s innovation performance is mediated by absorptive capacity. The conclusions of this study are of great theoretical and practical guiding significance to firms’ technological innovation.
Innovation is the key for enterprises to obtain the competitive advantage. Solving the priority problem of product and service innovation is conducive to the implementation of service-oriented strategy of manufacturing enterprises. With the deepening of the application of digital technology, the emergence of digital production factors, the continuous innovation of business processes, the transformation of enterprises’ value proposition and value creation mode are the main incentives for the change of product and service innovation’s priority. It is more and more difficult for the enterprises to make the decision of the priority. Therefore, it is necessary to put the product and service innovation in the scene of digital transformation, and determine the priority and evolution law of them.
Based on the theory of population reciprocity model, this study constructs a symbiosis evolution model of product and service innovation, aiming to analyze the symbiotic behavior pattern. Then, combined with the development of Haier Zhijia's networking stage from 2011 to 2019, this paper selects the income of main products as the population density variable of product innovation and the income of comprehensive service business as the population density variable of service innovation. And it compares the dependence coefficient between them, and divides several stages of digital transformation in combination with enterprise’s economic value added (EVA). The relationship characteristics and dynamic evolution law of product and service innovation in different stages are analyzed.
The results of this study show that: (1) under the context of digital transformation, manufacturing enterprises are constrained by internal resources and capabilities, which makes product and service innovation have an asymmetric mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship. Moreover, the level of product and service innovation enabled by digitization has been improved to varying degrees, and shows phased differences of dynamic changes; (2) The digital transformation of manufacturing enterprise accelerates the integration of product and service innovation, and is experiencing the process of inside to outside, and finally to both inside and outside. It is also a service-oriented process of the transformation from product leading logic to customer leading logic.
The management inspirations of this study are as follows: (1) the development of service innovation activities cannot leave the support of product technology. Under the synchronous promotion of service and digitization, "digital servitization" has become the general trend for manufacturing enterprises; (2) The service-oriented of manufacturing enterprises has experienced the dynamic evolution law of "product innovation, service innovation, and then integration innovation". The role of digitization in this process is as follows: internal digitization enlivens enterprise innovation resources; External digitization accelerates the value creation of service innovation; However, the data formed by external digitization in the direct interaction between supply and demand provides direct nutrients for internal innovation of enterprises.
As a result, this study helps to enhance the understanding of the relationship between product and service innovation in the digital environment, and provides theoretical guidance for manufacturing enterprises to implement digital and service-oriented transformation
