Technological innovation is a strategic support for improving national competitiveness and guaranteeing national security. Our country has achieved a series of major breakthroughs such as the "two bombs and one satellite" with a nationwide system, laying the cornerstone for national security and striving for prosperity, and has accumulated meaningful experience. At present, under major changes unseen in a century, our country is facing unprecedented strategic opportunities, risks and challenges. In the face of the arduousness and complexity of achieving national goals, we must make a better use of the key role of the new nationwide system on overcoming the "stuck neck" problem and achieving high-level scientific and technological self-reliance. Therefore, based on the comparative analysis of the development of science and technology in key areas at home and abroad, we conduct dialectical research on the nationwide system of science and technology innovation. We analyzed the nature of the nationwide science and technology innovation system, extracted common key elements and country characteristics, and focused on exploring the advantages and possible implementation risks of the nationwide science and technology innovation system and the contradictions that need to be properly handled to build a new nationwide system of science and technology innovation. At Last, we promote that in order to achieve the greatest contribution to major scientific and technological innovations by the new national system, it is necessary to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages in the dialectical balance of advantages and disadvantages so as to make the most advantageous strategic choices and overall planning, promote institutional innovation and system integration innovation, and comprehensively improve the capacity of science, technology and innovation governance.
In order to deal with the ethical problems from technology, scholars at home and abroad have put forward a variety of methods for practicing ethics . As the sum of a series of cutting-edge technologies that have not been put into production and are still in the R&D stage, emerging technologies have two characteristics: uncertainty and great influence. Therefore, the ethical problems brought by emerging technologies also have their unique characteristics compared with general technologies, and thus produce corresponding dilemma in the process of practicing ethics. Its main characteristics are that the consequences are more difficult to predict, the scope and degree are larger, more complex and diverse, and it is more difficult to be understood by the public. In order to deal with the dilemma faced by Practical Ethics of Emerging Technology, we should turn the research object from the emerging technology to the emerging technology practice process. Restore the problem to the practice itself, and make up for the lack of empirical experience materials through the understanding of the practice field and the action logic of the practice subject. Practical Ethics of Emerging Technology starts from the four practice fields of R&D, production, use and governance respectively. It aims to match ethical principles and theoretical methods in each practice fields. Mediate R&D design, optimize production and use process, and seek solutions in technical governance.
The shifting of modern science center is an unchanging research topic. In terms of time, there is a certain similarity between the establishment of patent system and the shifting of modern science center in the major countries in the modern world. In order to verify the existence of the phenomenon of the shifting of the patent center, to explore the economic, social and cultural background of it, and to reveal the correlation between the transfer of the world patent center and the scientific revolution, technological revolution and industrial revolution, a large number of historical data were collected by using the research method of the unification of history and logic. It is found that the world patent centers show the phenomenon of constant replacement and cross-coexistence of Britain, France, Germany and Japan, which not only accords with the wave transformation law of ideological liberation, social revolution,scientific center and industrial revolution, but also reflects the different characteristics of each country in promoting its own economic and social development. The research conclusion can provide historical experience and decision-making reference for the construction of China's intellectual property power and modern socialist country.
Countries around the world are increasingly concerned about grand social challenges including climate change, aging, and global pandemics, all of which may negatively affect people’s life and well-being. These “wicked” challenges are complex, systemic, interconnected, and urgent. Traditional innovation policy systems are unable to effectively deal with them due to a lack of holistic strategic orientation and policy coordination, as well as fragmented policy instruments. Policymakers global wide are looking for a new systemic policy intervention to achieve transformational societal changes. In this context, many countries have been experimenting with a systemic intervention to give a long-term orientation to innovation support, usually referred to as ‘mission-oriented innovation policy’.
Mission-oriented innovation policy is a new policy paradigm that has emerged in response to grand societal challenges and has become a systematic policy intervention solution to “urgent, difficult, dangerous, and critical” scientific problems in many countries. It emphasizes mission-directed orientation, encompasses a variety of policy instruments and combinations, and involves multiple sectors, disciplines, and actors. Although the attention of mission-oriented innovation policy is rising, it has not been fully explored as a new policy paradigm. Prior studies have not reached a consensus on the concept, connotation, constituent elements, and main characteristics of mission-oriented innovation policy, nor have they clearly explained the legitimacy of its intervention in innovation activities.
In light of the above gaps, this paper focuses on three aspects. First, we construct an analytical framework of mission-oriented innovation policy and present a comprehensive analysis of its concept connotation, element composition, main characteristics. Second, we explore the legitimacy of mission-oriented innovation policy interventions in innovation activities through an explanation of the four types of failures (directionality failure, demand articulation failure, policy coordination failure, reflexivity failure) contained in transformational failures. Finally, we take the US Apollo program, China's new energy vehicle program, and the European Union's "Horizon Europe (2021-2027)" program as examples to conduct in-depth discussions on three typical mission-oriented innovation policy practices.
The results show that mission-oriented innovation policy is mainly composed of policy objectives, policy subjects, policy instruments, and policy processes, and is characterized by direction guidance, market creation, collaborative participation, and dynamic evaluation. Transformational failure theory provides a theoretical explanation for the legitimacy of mission-oriented innovation policy intervention in innovation activities. Mission-oriented innovation policy can solve the problems of directionality failure, demand articulation failure, policy coordination failure, reflexivity failure contained in transformational failures by guiding innovation direction, shaping the new market, and coordinating the participation of a wider range of actors. The existing practice of mission-oriented innovation policy focuses on three areas: ensuring national defense and security, achieving industrial catch-up, and addressing grand social challenges. These three policy practices reflect that a country has different urgent problems in different development stages and environments, resulting in different dominant strategic missions.
Our work can provide theoretical support and empirical reference for the formulation and implementation of mission-oriented innovation policies in China. With the frequent occurrence of challenges today, China must enhance the awareness of opportunities and accelerate the improvement of the mission-oriented innovation policy system under the special scenario. This is not only an important measure for China to effectively deal with unstable factors in the international context but also a strategic choice for major missions such as safeguarding national industrial security and breaking through foreign technology blockades.
Coping with climate change has become the focus of the world. The essence of the international competition around climate diplomacy is still the competition of science and technology. With the generation of new strategic plans by European and American countries, the characteristics of scientific and technological competition becomes less dominant. Scientific and technological guidance will be used as a new form of scientific and technological competition. With the fierce competition in green and low-carbon technology in European and American countries and the continuous progress of China's new industrialization process, the conditions for European and American countries to implement scientific and technological traction for China's carbon dioxide peak and carbon neutrality strategy have gradually formed. It also carries out scientific and technological traction from the pressure of climate policy, transformation path traction and technical standard formulation, which finally leads to the limitation of scientific and technological innovation, the transformation of industrial structure, the inability to meet the needs of high-quality development and a series of security risks. The paper puts forward some suggestions on strengthening the dual carbon political determination, finding out the development of green and low-carbon technology, improving the ability of scientific and technological innovation, coordinating development and safety, preventing and resolving risks and deepening the international cooperation.
Abstract：The irreplaceability of semiconductors and the current international political and economic situation have made how to achieve the rapid development of the semiconductor industry an urgent and important issue in China today. In 2014, the introduction of the " Outline for promoting the development of national integrated circuit industry ", which was mainly characterized by the top-level design of industrial development and the innovative increase of market-oriented policy tools, marked the development of Chinese semiconductor industry into a technologically strong growth. This stage is characterized by strengthening strengths and making up for weaknesses. From the perspective of new structural economics, the research uses the introduction of the "Outline" as a natural quasi-natural experiment, and builds a difference in differences model based on micro-enterprise-level panel data from 2012 to 2020 to empirically test the impacts of semiconductor industry policies on enterprise innovation performance. The test also considered the effects and duration of impacts, as well as different effects on heterogeneous enterprises. The research results show that the implementation of industrial policies has significant promoting effect on the innovation performance of semiconductor companies, especially exploratory innovation one. It also has a more significant positive effect on high-capital-intensive companies, non-state-owned companies, and growth-stage companies. Looking at a longer time window, the effect of the policy shows a trend of rising first and then falling situation. Therefore, it is concluded that the national large fund, investment and financing policies and other market-oriented policy tools can help the semiconductor industry to gradually transform into a comparative advantage industry; There are heterogeneity in the impacts of industrial policies on innovation of enterprises with different characteristics, and policy layout should follow the heterogeneity regulations. The promotion impacts of semiconductor industry policy on enterprise innovation performance increased first and then decreased. The early performance rise is related to the gradual emergence of policy effects and the lag of innovation output, while the subsequent decline is likely to be related to the diminishing marginal effect of direct intervention of industrial policies with the continuous improvement of the market, which should be paid attention to in industrial policy layout. The research contributions of this research are as follows. The potential comparative advantage characteristics of semiconductor industry are identified, which can be transformed into comparative advantage industry with the support of policy. The integration of the new structure economic theory into the related researches of industrial policy and enterprise innovation development provides empirical evidence for the combination of "promising government" and "effective market" proposed by the new structural economics. The function boundary of “two hands” in industrial innovation is explored by clarifying the effect of policy on heterogeneous enterprises and time effect. In addition, the conclusions of this research provide suggestions for policy making both in semiconductor and other similar industries. This research provides a new perspective and insight for studying the combination of "promising government" and "effective market" in promoting the development of industries with potential comparative advantages into industries with realistic comparative advantages, and the boundary of the role of "two hands" in industrial innovation. It also provide an reference for the country to formulate and optimize industrial policies and achieve precise policy implementation.
Independent innovation is an important way for agricultural enterprises to build technical barriers, but there are problems such as long-term, high-risk, etc. It is difficult to achieve Pareto optimality by relying solely on market regulation, and the government's regulatory role must be exerted. Based on this, this article takes 9959 agricultural enterprises as a sample, and uses the SSBM-network DEA model to measure the transformation efficiency of agricultural enterprises’ scientific and technological achievements, empirically examines the impact of independent innovation on the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements, and explores government behavior (government Subsidies and innovation policies). The research results show that: (1) There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between independent innovation and the efficiency of transformation of scientific and technological achievements of agricultural enterprises. (2) Both government subsidies and innovation policies positively regulate the positive impact of independent innovation on the conversion efficiency of scientific and technological achievements when independent innovation does not exceed the threshold. However, innovation policies help alleviate the negative impact of independent innovation on the conversion efficiency of scientific and technological achievements after exceeding the threshold, while government subsidies have not played a corresponding mitigation effect. The research conclusions not only provide evidence of independent innovation activities carried out by agricultural enterprises, but also provide support for the government and agricultural enterprises to optimize independent innovation.
In recent years, relevant state departments have introduced a series of innovation policies to accelerate the cooperation among enterprises, universities and research institutes and the application of scientific and technological achievements, so as to stimulate and mobilize the innovation vitality of scientists and the whole society, and give full play to the supporting and leading role of science and technology in economic and social development. However, in the process of practice, there are some problems, such as lagging implementation of innovation policies, and even policy failures. This paper studies the process of institutionalization of innovation policy from the three dimensions of compatibility, profitability, and institutional entrepreneurship. Based on the empirical research on "double first-class" universities, this paper analyzes the differences between the reform direction of innovation policy and the actual demands of institutional entrepreneurs and puts forward the reform direction of innovation policy in the future.
Innovation is the source of power leading the development. At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution is ready to take place. China continues to make efforts to speed up catching up and surpassing, and has become a major scientific and technological country with global influence. However, compared with the strategic goals of being among the forefront of innovative countries and the world's scientific and technological power, there is still a big gap in the capabilities and environment of its scientific and technological innovation. The situation that key core technologies are controlled by others has not yet been fundamentally changed. Scientific research cooperation plays an important role in promoting scientific and technological innovation and development. Nowadays, the cooperation rate in the scientific research field is rising. The behavior of scientific researchers and the success of cooperative research are closely related to resources. When faced with a wealth of scientific research cooperation network resources, it is necessary to improve the ability to identify high-quality resources, otherwise it will be like being trapped in "the cave of the silken web".
Universities are one of the main bodies of scientific and technological innovation. As a strategic highland for gathering, training and exerting high-level talents, how universities carry out scientific research cooperation is an important topic that is generally concerned by the academic circles. Previous research on the scope of scientific research cooperation and scientific research output has been carried out from three levels: macro level (nation), meso level (institution or field) and micro level (researcher). Much research has focused on the direct relationship between the two, while insufficient attention has been paid to the mediating effect and the moderating effect. This paper focuses on the scientific research cooperation of university scholars at the micro level and takes the research perspective of mediation and moderation as the breakthrough point. Aiming at the relationship between the scope of cooperation and scientific research output, it analyzes the moderating role of three types of network embeddedness (positional embeddedness, relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness) and the mediating role of national funding. Based on the above analysis, a mediated moderation model is constructed.
Taking as a sample of 1,292 authors of 4,365 cooperative papers in the category of "Nanoscience & Nanotechnology" in the SCIE of Web of Science from 8 research universities in Shanghai from 2018 to 2020, this paper verifies the model through empirical research. The results show that: (1) International cooperation is more conducive to scholars to improve scientific research output; (2) National funding plays a part of the mediating role between the scope of cooperation and scientific research output; (3) Network embeddedness moderates the relationship between the scope of cooperation and scientific research output. When the network embeddedness of a scholar is at a high level, the influence of the scope of cooperation on scientific research output is strengthened and part of the moderating effect of positional embeddedness and structural embeddedness is achieved through national funding.
The construction and testing of the mediated moderation model in this paper expands the research boundary of the relationship between the scope of scientific research cooperation and scientific research output, and also provides new ideas for scientific research cooperation research from the perspective of funding and network embeddedness. This paper presents the influence process of scientific research cooperation on scientific research output more three-dimensionally. This provides more targeted ideas and suggestions for scientific researchers to participate in international cooperation, obtain funding, use scientific research resources more effectively, and support the improvement of their scientific research output. It also provides a reference for universities and related departments in charge of funding to formulate various policies related to scientific research.
Under the background of digitization, combined with knowledge management theory and core-technology competence theory, this paper constructs a theoretical model of the impact of enterprise internal knowledge on core-technology competence and the boundary conditions at the internal, external and institutional levels. Taking 129 intelligent manufacturing listed companies in China from 2010 to 2019 as samples, this paper constructs a multiple regression model. The study found that there was a positive "U" relationship between enterprise internal knowledge and core-technology competence, and further analyzed the moderation effects of digital transformation degree, absorptive capacity and government subsidies on the "U" relationship. The degree of digital transformation played a positive moderation role, absorptive capacity played a negative moderation role, and the role of government subsidies failed to obtain stable results. This study makes an empirical analysis on the relationship between enterprise knowledge management and core technology, discusses the practical conditions for Chinese enterprises to improve their core-technology competence based on the reality of digitization and Sino US trade friction, and finally puts forward relevant management and policy suggestions. The research has certain theoretical value and practical significance.
China's technology bottleneck in the chip field restricts industrial development and threatens national security in recent years. The rise of artificial intelligence chips will bring opportunities for China to break through the "bottleneck" problem in the traditional chip field. This paper adopts the method of combination of grounded theory and in-depth interview, follows the A (actor) - A (active) - P (position) - L (link) model (AAPL model) of an innovation ecosystem, and aims to explore the artificial intelligence chip innovation ecosystem construction in China. Based on the AAPL model, the research finds that: first, enterprises gradually grow into the core actors of the artificial intelligence chip innovation ecosystem, and the government, universities, research institutions, and professional service institutions build the innovation ecosystem around these core enterprises. Second, industrial investment, high-quality personnel training, and knowledge output in innovation activities can accelerate the "metabolism" of the artificial intelligence chip innovation ecosystem. Third, AI application enterprises and Internet enterprises in the innovation ecosystem move to the upstream or downstream of the industrial chain to promote innovation development. Fourth, The innovation ecosystem link emphasizes the transformation from basic research to industrialization in the field of artificial intelligence chips. This paper puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the development of China's artificial intelligence chip industry: (1) From the perspective of innovation ecosystem actors, the transformative innovation of the present chip industry ecosystem by actors is the opportunity for artificial intelligence application enterprises in the Chinese context of the application demand, government industrial policy support, and basic research developed from university, research institutions technology commercialization. (2) As for innovation ecosystem activities, the government should actively cultivate the constructors of the industry, formulate the technical roadmap of the industrial innovation ecosystem clearly, and carry out reasonable industrial investment, high-quality personnel training, and knowledge output to effectively promote the growth of the innovation ecosystem. (3) As for the position of an innovation ecosystem, the existing artificial intelligence application enterprises and Internet enterprises should take advantage of AI chip development opportunities, and strive to move from the positions of application end or "follower" to the upstream of the ecological position and strategic layout. (4) From the perspective of link in the innovation ecosystem, it is important to create technological achievements which meet industrial development, and improve the conversion rate of technological achievements. In addition, we should attach great importance to optimize the link between basic research and industrialization, and the link between scientific and technological achievements and high-value intellectual property rights. This paper contributes to existing research in the following two aspects: first, the grounded theory is introduced into the research of the innovation ecosystem, and the theoretical research system of the innovation ecosystem is expanded. Based on the grounded theory, this paper summarizes the concepts related to the innovation ecosystem described by the participants of artificial intelligence chips into categories and explores the paths of building an artificial intelligence innovation ecosystem through the above core categories. Second, based on the AAPL model and the results of grounded theory, this paper builds China's artificial intelligence chip innovation ecosystem from the perspectives of actor, activity, position, and link, which expands the research boundary of industrial innovation ecosystem research in China’s "choke neck" technology.
After more than four decades of rapid development, Chinese firms have reached the threshold of transformation from imitation to innovation, from technological follower to parallel walker and leader. However, this transformation requires plenty of conditions especially the support of high standards and high-strength intellectual property protection. The higher the intensity of intellectual property protection, the more distinct the property rights boundary of firms' innovation achievements, and the more inclined firms are to win market competition through innovation. Among varieties of ways of intellectual property protection, judicial protection plays a leading role and determines the intensity of intellectual property protection to a large extent. As an important way of intellectual property judicial protection, whether patent litigation can promote Chinese firms’ indigenous innovation is directly related to the transformation of firms’ innovation strategy.
Based on the 2017 patent survey data of Chinese firms, this paper examines the impact of patent litigation on firms' indigenous innovation strategies. We find that the experience in patent litigation can effectively stimulate indigenous innovation for the firms involved. This finding is robust in adopting propensity score matching method and coarsened exact matching method, as well as using instrumental variable method and conditional mixed process method. This indicates that judicial protection of intellectual property rights is conducive to promoting firms’ indigenous innovation. The heterogeneity analysis shows that the promoting effect of judicial protection of intellectual property rights on firm’s innovation is more significant for small and micro firms and firms in patent-dependent industries as well as domestic firms.
This paper contributes to the literature from the two perspectives. Firstly, different from the existing research focusing on the impact of patent litigation on the R&D investment, patent application and management of the firms involved, this study explores the effect of patent litigation on firms' indigenous innovation strategies, which enriches the literature on the innovation effect of patent litigation. Secondly, compared with existing literature examining the influence of firms' own characteristics and market environment on firms' indigenous innovation，this paper focuses on the role of judicial protection of intellectual property rights, extending the research on the influencing factors of indigenous innovation.
This paper has the following implications for intellectual property policy in China. Firstly, we need to improve the judicial protection system of intellectual property rights to stimulate firms' indigenous innovation. Specifically, to carry out the judicial adjudication mode of "integration of three trials", speed up the development of intellectual property judge team and ensure the fairness and efficiency of patent judicial adjudication. Secondly, the patent judicial protection system needs to pay appropriate attention to special firm groups. Since small and micro firms are weak in litigation ability, it is suggested to improve the convenience and friendliness of the judicial system for these firms. Firms in patent-dependent industries are prone to get caught in the "patent thicket" and patent disputes. Therefore, it is proposed to improve the professional level of judges and increase the efficiency of trials, especially in "patent thicket" related trials. Considering the disadvantages of domestic firms in litigation resources, we suggest that the judicial system help them reduce litigation costs effectively.
The article is divided into two major parts, namely "collaborative innovation network classification" and "analysis of network innovation capabilities". The first part of the main solution is "What types of collaborative innovation networks?" and "How is the overall feature of each network type?". The second part is how the analysis factor affects network innovation performance? In order to solve the above problems, this paper is based on collaborative innovation perspectives. According to the research objectives and social network analysis theory, the common patent author of new energy automobile technology is the research object, first identify collaborative innovation networks with the Louvain community division algorithm, and calculate each network Network structural features such as network density, network scale, network clustering coefficient, and network average path length. According to the network structure characteristics, the K-Means clustering algorithm is used to find a collaborative innovation network with similar structures, and further analyze the overall characteristics of the network. Take the number of inventors holding patents, the number of IPCs, the number of patent citations, the number of claims, and the number of patent rights as basic indicators, and use the entropy method to comprehensively evaluate the quality of patents, and measure the performance of network innovation together with the number of patents. For each type of network, with network cooperation intensity and network structural characteristics, network innovation capability is a decision attribute, using CART decision tree to extract the conditions for decision attributes on decision attributes, answer "What factors affect each network type How it affects the problem”. From the perspective of data driven, the new method deeply analyzes the nonlinear relationship between the structural characteristics of collaborative innovation, cooperation intensity and innovation performance with the help of data mining technology. The results show that：(1) There are 4 types of the networks, namely the binary collaborative innovation network, star collaborative innovation network, completely collaborative innovation network and complex co-innovation network, different network types and its innovation ability is obvious, confirmed The rationality and scientificity of classification discussions. Binary cooperation innovation network cooperation relationship is simple; the star collaborative innovation network has obvious core members, non-core members have not produced cooperative relations; compared to the first three types, complex co-innovation network has more complex cooperative relationships. (2) Binary collaborative innovation networks are more cooperation with mother subsidiaries, and the network structure is simple; the non-core members of the star collaborative innovation network rely on core members, reduces the update speed of heterogeneity knowledge in the network. The innovation subjects of complete collaborative innovation networks are close; complex collaboration innovation networks are large, resulting in a complex partnership between collaborative subjects, and the membership relationship is relatively low. (3) Without the common influence of other factors, the cooperation intensity of the complex collaborative innovation network and the star-shaped collaborative innovation network have a positive and negative impact on the network innovation performance respectively; in the dual collaborative innovation network, the high or low The intensity of cooperation has a positive impact on the performance of network innovation. For collaborative innovation networks with large cooperation intensity, the average path length has a negative impact on network innovation capabilities.
Government subsidies are of great significance to the innovative activities and sustainable development of enterprises. In order to explore the impact of government R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies on corporate innovation investment, and the moderating role of corporate financialization and the nature of ownership. This paper uses the data of listed companies in China from 2007 to 2019 to analyze the asymmetric impact of government R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies on corporate innovation investment based on signal theory, and explores the joint adjustment effect of corporate financialization and ownership in government subsidies affecting corporate R&D investment. The results found that: (1) government R&D subsidies will have an inverted U-shaped impact on corporate innovation investment, and government non-R&D subsidies will have a positive impact on corporate innovation investment; (2) corporate financialization will make government R&D subsidies affect corporate R&D investment The inverted U-shaped impact effect is more prominent, and negatively regulates the impact of government non-R&D subsidies on corporate R&D investment; (3) The attributes of state-owned enterprises will negatively regulate the impact of government non-R&D subsidies on corporate R&D investment, and the financialization of state-owned enterprises The adjustment effect of the inverted U-shaped relationship between government R&D subsidies and corporate R&D investment is weaker than that of non-state-owned enterprises; (4) In the eastern and central regions, as well as small and medium-sized board and GEM companies, government R&D subsidies and non-R&D subsidies affect corporate innovation investment There is an asymmetric effect.
