In view of the current development trend and theoretical research of the metaverse, this paper redefines the conceptual connotation of the metaverse. The origin of the metaverse can be traced back to digital data, and its technological source is various digital data generation technologies. According to two topological dimensions, such as the field of action of the digital form and the inter-domain nature of the interaction between the virtual and the real world, the metaverse can be divided into four types of staged forms: pure digital world, digital twin world, virtual-real co-construction world and virtual-real collaborative world. Putting the metaverse in the overall evolution process of the digital form, we found the evolution mechanism between its four development forms. That is, the pure digital world is closely related to the traditional cyberspace and has become the first choice for metaverse innovation, and the digital twin world focuses on the industrial real world. The virtual-real co-construction world integrates the structures and functions of the pure digital world and the digital twin world, and the virtual-real collaborative world is an advanced form of the virtual-real co-constructed world which is driven by the innovation of human digital concepts. This paper clarifies the conceptual connotation, form development and evolution mechanism of the metaverse, and provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent industrial policy formulation and the construction of the governance system of the metaverse.
The collapse of the postwar welfare state or the rise of neoliberalism, are often employed to interpret the transition of global public health, from primary health care (PHC) to selective primary health care (SPHC). This paper, however, rivals this transition by carefully examining two parallel sets of experiments conducted in China in the 1980s in collaboration with INGOs - World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), with the conceptual framework of “reorder society”. It is found that the key to success is the ability to lead others “believe are their interests”. The failure of the cooperative center, more specifically, lies primarily in its “muddling through” strategy to fulfill the comprehensive evaluation, which was considered a betrayal of WHO’s PHC idea. This study further calls for opening other black boxes of “transition” in global public health governance, where the power ratio is reversed in reordering the society should always be the focus.
Intelligent transformation, as an important way to improve the status of equipment manufacturing industry in the global value chain, is affected by multiple factors, but few existing studies put multiple factors into the same system for discussion. By using the method of multi case rooting, this paper combs and summarizes six factors affecting the intelligent transformation and upgrading of China's equipment manufacturing industry, and constructs the corresponding theoretical model combined with the four dimensions of intelligent transformation and upgrading. On this basis, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method (fsqca) is used to deeply analyze the action mechanism of various influencing factors from the perspective of configuration. The results show that: (1) the key influencing factors of equipment manufacturing industry in the process of intelligent transformation and upgrading in different dimensions are different. (2) The construction of intelligent management platform is needed in all links of enterprise intelligent transformation. (3) Interconnection, intelligent manufacturing technology and R&D investment are interchangeable to a certain extent. According to the research results and case analysis, it provides a strategic basis for the intelligent transformation and upgrading of equipment manufacturing industry.
This paper aims to research the impact of reverse technology spillover on the carbon emission intensity of home countries and whether the independent technological innovation of home countries can play an intermediary role in the process of reverse technology spillover affecting carbon emissions. Based on the provincial panel data of China from 2005 to 2017, this paper measures the intensity of reverse technology spillover and carbon emission intensity in each province. Preliminary analysis shows that the distribution of carbon emission intensity in China is high in the northwest and southwest regions, and low in the eastern coastal areas. For example, the carbon emission intensity in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Shanxi and Guizhou is always at the forefront. Over time, the carbon emissions in China show a gradual downward trend. Next, this paper uses the spatial Durbin model and the intermediary effect model to test the influence and mechanism of reverse technology spillover effect on carbon emission intensity in the process of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in China. The test results show that reverse technology spillover will significantly inhibit the local carbon emission intensity, and it will also inhibit the carbon emission intensity of surrounding areas through spatial effect. In addition, independent technological innovation acts as an incomplete intermediary variable, and the parent companies in local area can generate leverage effect and positive spatial spillover on the development of green technology in surrounding areas. At the same time, the results of heterogeneity test show that the inhibitory effect of reverse technology spillover on carbon emission intensity is affected by the differences in geographic location, economic development level and investment host countries. The reverse technology spillover effect of the eastern region can significantly inhibit the carbon emission intensity of the local area and the surrounding areas, and independent technological innovation can act as an intermediary variable. In the midwest regions, reverse technology spillover can only inhibit carbon emissions in local area, but it will worsen the carbon emissions in the surrounding areas, there was no significant improvement in carbon emissions in the Midwest on total effects, and the intermediary mechanism is no longer obvious. For economically developed regions, spatial spillover mechanism and intermediary mechanism are still obvious, and the effect of core explanatory variables is basically the same as that in the eastern region. The reverse technology spillover in underdeveloped areas will disaster the carbon emissions of surrounding areas, and independent technological innovation has not played a mediating effect. When the host country of investment is part of the "Belt and Road" countries, reverse technology spillovers can still restrain the carbon emission intensity of China, but independent technological innovation no longer plays an intermediary effect. In the robustness test, this paper presents three methods including replacement variables, replacement space weight matrix and adding interaction terms. The test results of the main variables are basically consistent with the previous ones, which proves the credibility of the results.This paper provides a theoretical reference for China's low-carbon economic development, and provides guidance for the early realization of carbon neutrality tasks.
It is important to emphasize self-developed and innovative technologies to reduce carbon emissions, but in the context of intensified resource and environmental constraints, it would be more effective using Green Technology Transfer (GTT) to correct distorted allocation of R&D factors to achieve efficient carbon emissions reductions. Based on the resource misallocation theory, this paper analyzes and empirical tests the mechanism of GTT on R&D factors configuration distortion and CO2 emission. This study shows that: (1) R&D personnel and funds in the Yangtze River Delta cities are distorted, and the mismatch of personnel is higher than that of funds; (2) The distortion of R&D personnel and funds has significantly aggravated CO2 emissions, and distorted R&D funds has a greater impact on CO2 emissions; (3) The significant adjustment of GTT on distorted allocation of R&D factors is conducive to reduce CO2 emission; (4) Development in both GTT “quantity” and “quality” could affect the nonlinear threshold effect between distorted allocation of R&D factors and CO2 emissions. Cities in the Yangtze River Delta could achieve the suppression of CO2 emission through the correction path of “quantity increase”, while for “quality improvement”, the correction effect could only mitigate CO2 emission reduction to some extent. Thus, revitalizing the stock technology, promoting the “incremental quality improvement” of intercity GTT, and giving full play to its effectiveness in correcting allocation of R&D factors are the pragmatic path to break through resource constraints, improve innovation capabilities, and effectively promote the realization of the “dual carbon”.
The wide application of digital technology has driven the Global Fourth Industrial Revolution. As the world's largest emerging economy, China has launched new infrastructure construction and accelerated the development of digital technologies such as 5G, data centers, cloud computing and the Internet of Things. Meanwhile, China faces the urgent task of carbon emission reduction. The wave of digital technology has provided an important impetus for China to achieve the goal of "carbon peak and carbon neutrality".
Based on the panel data of 284 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2017, this paper constructs a comprehensive index of digital technology development from four aspects: digital infrastructure, digital factor input, digital technology-related output and digital transaction development, not only theoretically analyzes the influence mechanism of digital technology development on regional carbon emissions, but also empirically tests the overall effect of the relationship and its temporal and spatial evolution trends. In order to alleviate the possible endogenous problems, this paper takes the interaction term of the historical throughput of post and telecommunications and the annual per capita telecom revenue of each city as the instrumental variable of the digital technology development index, and constructs the two-stage least squares regression model (IV-2SLS). Then, the mediating effect model is used to test the influence paths of digital technology influencing regional carbon emissions. Considering that the three paths of the impact of digital technology on carbon emissions have different durations, the impact of digital technology on carbon emissions may have time heterogeneity. So the core explanatory variables are replaced by the digital technology development index of the current period, the first lag period and the second lag period respectively for regression. In order to further verify the spatial spillover effect of digital technology development on carbon emissions, this paper constructed the geographical distance matrix, economic distance matrix and adjacency matrix at the city level respectively, and adopted the spatial panel econometric model for spatial estimation.
It is found that the development of digital technology can significantly reduce the carbon emission intensity of Chinese cities, and this conclusion is still robust through a series of robustness tests. The mechanism analysis shows that the intermediate paths of digital technology to achieve carbon emission reduction effect includes reducing energy consumption intensity, promoting industrial structure upgrading as well as improving regional technological innovation level. The spatial and temporal dynamic effect analysis shows that the carbon emission reduction effect of digital technology gradually increases with time, and digital technology can reduce the carbon emission intensity of neighboring cities through spatial spillover effect, which is conducive to the formation of coordinated regional carbon emission reduction pattern. In addition, digital technology has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emission in eastern cities, but not in central and western cities, it can significantly reduce the carbon emission intensity of central cities, but can not play a significant inhibitory effect on carbon emission in peripheral cities. Based on the findings, we puts forward corresponding policy recommendations on improving energy efficiency of digital infrastructure, further breaking down administrative and industrial barriers, and adopting digital technology development strategies tailored to local conditions.
With the deepening of China-Africa cooperation, the investment mode of Chinese enterprises in Africa has begun to upgrade from direct capital investment to technological knowledge investment. In this context, forward knowledge transfer from Chinese parent company to African subsidiary is an important means to improve investment efficiency and realize sustainable development of China-Africa cooperation. The success of Chinese enterprises' investment in Africa largely depends on the performance of knowledge transfer from Chinese parent enterprises to African subsidiaries, and the identification of influencing factors of knowledge transfer is the key to improving the performance of knowledge transfer. Therefore, this research will study the factors influencing forward knowledge transfer performance from the Chinese parent company to the African subsidiary. Based on the theoretical framework of knowledge transfer mechanism from leading companies to host companies in global value chain, the influencing factors of forward knowledge transfer performance from Chinese parent company to African subsidiary company are analyzed from the elements involved in the knowledge transfer process. Based on the conceptual framework we have put forward, the survey data of 105 Chinese multinational companies with subsidiaries in Africa are empirically analyzed by using the structural equation model (SEM) . The questionnaires are targeted at senior managers and project leaders of both companies. The results show that the transfer capacity-willingness of Chinese parent company, the accepting capacity-willingness of African subsidiaries and contextual similarity have significant positive impact on forward knowledge transfer performance of Chinese parent company to African subsidiary, while knowledge embeddedness-tacitness has no significant effect on knowledge transfer performance. Then the empirical results are explained and discussed, and the following management enlightenment is obtained: (1) As the exporter of knowledge, the Chinese parent company can improve the knowledge transfer performance by cultivating the capacity and willingness to transfer knowledge.In terms of transfer capacity, the Chinese parent company should constantly accumulate experience and methods to impart advanced knowledge to its African subsidiaries. In terms of transfer willingness, the Chinese parent company needs to clarify the strategic role of its African subsidiaries in the knowledge network, and should actively intend to transfer knowledge, reduce knowledge hiding, and avoid unnecessary costs in the process of knowledge transfer. (2) As the importer of knowledge, the African subsidiary can improve the performance of knowledge transfer by cultivating the absorptive capacity and accepting willingness. The African subsidiary can request the Chinese parent company to send management and technical personnel to Africa, train the employees of the subsidiary, or provide opportunities for the African employees to study in China to improve their knowledge absorptive capacity. Besides, through the formation of learning-oriented organizational culture in the subsidiary, positive willingness to receive knowledge can be mobilized to achieve higher knowledge transfer performance. (3)The Chinese parent company and the African subsidiary can construct similar knowledge transfer contexts in terms of knowledge distance, trust relationship, and common cognition to improve knowledge transfer performance. The Chinese parent company and African subsidiary need to pay attention to the coordination of knowledge system in order to reduce the damage of knowledge distance to knowledge transfer performance. Besides, the Chinese parent company and the African subsidiary should be committed to mutual recognition and trust, recognizing the benefits of project cooperation and knowledge transfer. It is also necessary to improve the ability of cross-cultural communication to improve the performance of knowledge transfer from the Chinese parent company to the African subsidiary.
Promoting the dissemination of technical information is one of the core objectives of patent system. However, the available survey data show that some researchers do not use patent literature as a source of technical information during the innovation process, which is contrary to the theoretical and institutional expectations. The existing literature related to patent information utilization mainly focuses on the problems of the patent disclosure system, whether patents disclose useful information, as well as the disclosure effects of the patent system. Nevertheless, whether R&D personnel make use of patent information and why they use or do not use patents remained unexplored. This study investigated the factors influencing R&D personnel’s patent information utilization behavior by integrating the theory of planned behavior model and information adoption model. More specifically, the research questions include: (1) what are the factors that affect R&D personnel’s patent information utilization behavior? (2) How do these factors interact with each other? (3) What is the relative importance of these factors’ impact on the patent information utilization behavior. Through investigating R&D personnel in universities and companies, and adopt PLS-SEM model, this paper found that: (1) perceived relevance and perceived credibility have positive influence on attitude toward patent information utilization, while ease of understanding exerts no effect on patent information utilization; (2) attitude toward patent information utilization, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control have positive influence on behavioral intention. Among them, attitude toward patent information utilization is the most important variable in the formation of behavioral intention, followed by subjective norm and perceived behavioral control in sequence; (3) behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control are important influencing factors of patent information utilization behavior. These results deepen our understanding of R&D personnel’s patent information utilization decision and provides guidelines for the government to promote patent information utilization. To specify, first, policy makers should take measures to strengthen the quality review of patent disclosures and guide R&D personnel to develop a positive attitude toward the use of patent information. Moreover, the government should formulate structured policies to support the utilization of patent information and adopt standardized disclosure formats and language to enhance the ease of understanding of patent texts. Furthermore, the government can promote the formation of social norms of patent information utilization by R&D personnel through various means such as industry associations, academic conferences as well as case publicity. In addition, the government should improve the accessibility of patent information resources and enhance the patent information utilization ability of R&D personnel. Nevertheless, this study subjects to some limitation. First, the sample in this paper is not the result of strict sampling survey, and its statistical conclusions cannot be directly generalized to the whole country. In terms of research methods, this study is a static study using cross-sectional data, while a more robust causal mechanism can be found through longitudinal research design in the future. Finally, future studies can explore whether the heterogeneity exists among different groups, and thereby comprehend the influencing mechanism of heterogenous factors affect the use of patent information.
In recent years, the scientific research talent team in China has grown rapidly, and the comparative advantage of talents has been steadily enhanced. On the basis of the increasing number of talents, job satisfaction is an important index to attract and retain scientific research talents and stimulate their innovative vitality. Based on the questionnaire survey data of global researchers by Nature magazine in 2021, this paper empirically analyzed the job satisfaction of researchers in various countries and its influencing factors. The results showed that compared with other countries, the overall job satisfaction of Chinese researchers is low, and the turnover intention is high. In order to further improve the job satisfaction of researchers and enhance the attraction to scientific and technological talents, we propose that the primary goal of talent management should be to stimulate and maintain the independent innovation motivation of scientific researchers, improve the salary and welfare level of researchers, both ensure the work input of scientific researchers and balance the work and family life of scientific researchers, provide more opportunities for scientific research personnel to participate in the project and professional development.
R&D activities are an important way for enterprises to innovate. Enterprises in various countries are paying more and more attention to R&D activities, expecting to effectively promote the development and the competitiveness of the company to enhance the market value. In addition, as stakeholders pay more attention to corporate responsibility and the digital economy, the importance of ESG and digital transformation in corporate development has become increasingly prominent. Based on the panel data of Chinese listed companies from 2010 to 2019, this study adopts a two-way fixed-effects model, controlling for individual and time fixed effects. This paper studies the relationship between corporate R&D investment, corporate ESG performance and corporate market value, as well as the moderating effect of digitalization. This paper deeply explores the impact and mechanism of corporate R&D investment on corporate market value, and at the same time examines whether ESG plays an intermediary role. At the same time, the article tests the moderating effect of corporate digitization level in corporate R&D investment on corporate ESG performance. The study found that corporate R&D investment can help improve the market value of enterprises; corporate R&D investment will make enterprises' ESG performance better, and corporate ESG performance has a partial intermediary role in the impact of corporate R&D investment on its market value; the digitalization of enterprises Level plays a positive regulating role in the improvement of corporate R&D investment on corporate ESG performance. In addition, the robustness of the above results is verified by using Sobel test, substitution variable method and time lag term. According to the results, this paper puts forward the following suggestions: First, it is recommended that the government and social organizations jointly create an environment for active research and development. They can jointly do a good job in the top-level design of enterprise digitalization. This can optimize the business environment to protect SMEs. Second, it is suggested that corporate investors should not only pay attention to corporate financial performance and scale, but also non-financial performance such as corporate environmental performance and social responsibility score when selecting investment targets. This not only ensures the sustainable development of the invested enterprise, but also ensures that the investor's investment has long-term returns. At the same time, it is recommended that enterprises take their own business model as a breakthrough, use existing resources to focus on the overall coordination of digital technology and original resources, and pay attention to the unity of internal digital systems. Third, it is suggested that the government can improve the official corporate ESG evaluation system and information disclosure system, and can also make appropriate incentive policies based on the ESG performance of enterprises. At the same time, the government or relevant departments can reform and improve the market management system and administrative approval process that may hinder the digital transformation of enterprises, so as to help enterprises accurately apply digital technology. In this way, potential risks that are not conducive to the digital transformation of enterprises can be smoothly resolved, thereby helping enterprises to smoothly transition to the "pain period" of digital transformation.
Abstract：Content?of?abstract?The platform-based entrepreneurship ecosystem is taking shape. On the one hand, leading enterprises are engaged in the construction of incubators and build entrepreneurship incubation platforms to promote transformation and upgrading and the development of new start-ups. On the other hand, new start-ups rely on entrepreneurship incubation platforms to start businesses and break through the double constraints of entrepreneurial resources and opportunities. Scholars usually use the competitive advantage to explain the ability of enterprises to occupy and maintain high performance. However, competitive advantage based on the supply side emphasizes internal value chain optimization, ignoring the value co-creation of ecological complementaries in the platform context, which makes it difficult to explain the interaction in the value network of entrepreneurship incubation platforms. The demand-based ecological advantage theory emphasizes mutual empowerment and value co-creation, which can effectively explain the process of achieving high performance of entrepreneurship incubation platforms. However, the current research on ecological advantage is still in its initial stage. Some scholars have explained the concept of ecological advantage, but the dimensions of the concept are still unclear. There is a lack of corresponding measurement scales, which limits the theoretical development and empirical testing of the subsequent research. The ecological advantage theory needs to be explored and improved by scholars. Based on this, this paper takes the entrepreneurship incubation platform as the research object and explores the ecological advantage of the entrepreneurship incubation platform and its measurement scale. Firstly, this paper compares the literature on entrepreneurship incubation platforms and ecological advantage systematically and conducts in-depth exploratory case studies on five entrepreneurship incubation platforms. Secondly, this paper explores the constitutive dimensions of ecological advantage of entrepreneurship incubation platforms, which are ecological diversity, ecological symbiosis, and ecological evolution, respectively, in the context of rooted theory and literature. Thirdly, this paper combines the results of existing studies and case studies to compile the scale measurement items and uses a large-scale questionnaire to empirically test the ecological advantage dimensions and measurement items of entrepreneurship incubation platforms. Finally, this paper refines a 3-dimensional and 10-item scale of ecological advantage of entrepreneurship incubation platform with good reliability and validity. The theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows：firstly，this study promotes the in-depth integration of ecological theory and competitive advantage; secondly, it clarifies the concept and dimensions of ecological advantage of entrepreneurship incubation platform. Finally, this paper provides an ecological advantage measurement tool.
the dialectical unity of scientific and technological self-reliance and open innovation. The new development pattern of "double cycle" provides new ideas and strategic carriers for the coordinated development of the two, which is of great significance for building a world scientific and technological power. The thought of system theory is the theoretical basis of the organic coordination between scientific and technological self-reliance and open innovation under the pattern of "double circulation". The three subsystems of "science technology market" are interconnected, effectively linked and synergetic, which is the theoretical framework of self-reliance and open synergy under the new pattern of "double cycle". The coordination paths of the two include: first, strengthen international cooperation in basic research and promote the diversified open mode of combining large and small cycles under the "external cycle"; Second, efficient internal cooperation: bridge the "fracture" of the domestic industry university research association's co innovation chain and improve the self-reliance of science and technology under the "internal cycle"; Third, the coordination of internal and external circulation: promoting the outside from the inside and promoting the inside from the outside, and the two wheel drive of scientific and technological self-reliance and open innovation.
With the continuous advancement of digital economy and green development, whether the digital transformation of enterprises can promote the quality and quantity of green innovation is an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the perspective of resources, taking the data of 748 listed enterprises from 2015 to 2020 as samples, this paper empirically analyzes the impact of digitization on the quality and quantity of green innovation and the characteristics of heterogeneity, and tests the intermediary role of innovation resource investment. The research found that: (1) digitization has a significant positive effect on the quality and quantity of green innovation, which can better improve the quality of green innovation. (2) Innovative human resources investment and innovative financial resources investment play a partial intermediary effect between digitization and the quality and quantity of enterprise green innovation. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that compared with non-state-owned, non-politically related and eastern enterprises, the digitization of state-owned, politically related and non-eastern enterprises can better improve the quality and quantity of green innovation. (4) The economic consequence analysis shows that the direct positive impact of digitization on enterprise value is not significant, but the quality of green innovation plays a significant intermediate role.
This paper examines whether technological innovation has improved the scale of China's middle class. Using the data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2010 to 2020, this paper examines the heterogenous effects brought by different innovation paths. It is found that technological innovation has significantly increased the size of the middle class. However, public innovation and private innovation, have different impacts on the evolution of the middle class. Public innovation, which has no biased effect, increases the scale of both skilled and non-skilled middle class, while private innovation, which has a biased impact, improves the scale of skilled middle class rather than non-skilled middle class. This paper also shows China’s institutions has magnified the positive effect of technological innovation on the expansion of middle class, which proves the key role of the government in improving both innovation and common prosperity. This study provides a useful idea for expanding the scale of middle class and promoting common prosperity.
Compared with the existing studies, the possible marginal contribution of this paper is mainly reflected in the following aspects: First, from the perspective of national innovation system, we compare and analyze the differential impact of public innovation and private innovation on the middle class. Second, we examine the internal heterogeneity of the middle class from different perspectives. Current literature mainly measures the middle class from the perspective of income, while this paper further divides the middle class into skilled middle class and non-skilled middle class from the dimension of occupation, and then discusses the differentiated impact of technological innovation on different middle class. Third, under the socialist economic system in China, the state-led innovation development strategy may strengthen the positive effect of technological innovation on the expansion of the middle class, and finally make the scale of the middle class grow with technological innovation.
This paper makes an in-depth investigation about the feasible path of technological innovation to expand the scale of middle class and promote the common prosperity. The analysis shows that, in order to realize the effective growth of the middle class, we should pay attention to the key role of public innovation led by the government. The public sector and the private sector play different roles in creating, producing and disseminating innovation. In order to maximize the social benefits brought by innovation, the government and the private sector should build a mutually beneficial innovation system. In the field of technological innovation, the enterprise is undoubtedly the most important innovation subject, however, under the spontaneous operation of the market, the enterprise innovation may have a biased impact on the distribution of labor income, and it is difficult to achieve shared growth. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably define the boundary of technological innovation between the government and the market, and construct forward-looking and overall strategic planning for innovation and development. While allowing the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation, the government should strengthen its support and leading role in technological innovation in the field of national economic and social development.
