The concept of “world scientific activity center” was proposed by J. D. Bernal in the year of 1957, and have raised many interests from globle researchers. Study the matastasis rule of world scientific activity center is of importance to the policy makers for establishing the R&D development strategies. Most of the previous studies analyzed the matastasis rule of the world scientific activity center based on the researchers’ achievements. However, this method is not suitable at present under the background of global integration, while the collaboration among researchers increasing greatly.
The transnational flows of high-quality scientists was regarded as can be the representive of vital knowledge spreading. Previous researches have validated this based on study the matastasis of Nobel prize winners or the authors of top journals. They contributed to understand the related rule of world scientific activity center at present. However, these studies also have some limitations. Such as they only studied a small group of researchers, thus the whole phenomenon of the scientists transfer could not be reflected. Based on the above analysis, this paper collects the scientific papers published from 1921 to 2020 in the Scopus database, extracts the transnational flow sequence of each high-quality scientists, which are the top1% h-index researchers in each disciplines of the Scopus database, from these papers, and systematically analyzes the matastasis rule of world scientific activity center in the 100 years both in the whole level and the disciplinary level. Specially, the ten important disciplines including agricultural and biological sciences, biochemistry, genetics and molecular biolog, physics and astronomy, multidisciplinary, neuroscience, immunology and microbiology, materials science, chemistry, medicine, and engineering are selected into study, due to their intimate relationships with the world scientific activity center proven by previous studies.
Results show that, first, the world scientific center or disciplinary activity center is not sole. There could be more than one world scientific center or disciplinary activity center in the same period. For example, the USA, UK, Germany and Italy have been the world scientific activity centers in multible periods and among various disciplines. Second, both the world scientific activity center and the disciplinary activity center could transfer over time, and the transfer direction was not one-way. Besides, the transfer process of these two kind of centers are synchronous. When a region was the world scientific activity center, it was often several disciplines’ activity center, and vice versa. For example, the USA was almost all the disciplines’ activity centers in the entire period. Thus the world scientific activity center could be regarded as the additive effect of the different disciplines. Third, different disciplines contributed differently to the formation of scientific activity center in the certain period. The diversified development of science and the interdisciplinary integration have moderated the difference, it is hard to distinguish which disciplines have the higher contribution degrees. Last, China has been the world scientifc activity center since the year of 2004. But it still has a significant gap from the developed countries. The disciplines of multidisciplinary, medicine and neuroscience still need to be developed in the future. Specially, significant attentions should be paid to the emerged scientific and technological domains, the R&D input should be raised and the balance development among disciplines should be also sidelined in the future.
Scientific populism is a new form of populist thought and movement that has emerged globally in recent years, especially in Western countries. The so-called “scientific populism” refers to a kind of discourse and practice of resistance formed by the general public against scientific elites in the process of scientific knowledge production and dissemination. Scientific populism is a new expansion of the masses—elites confrontation logic in the field of science. When populists shift the object of their rebellion to science, then scientific populism with the remarkable features of anti-science, anti-intellectualism and anti-rationality emerges. Actually, the inadequate science popularization work of the scientific community, the scientific knowledge and events that have a direct negative impact on the public, and the openness of the concept of populism have jointly contributed to the formation of scientific populism. As a new form of populism with two sides, scientific populism not only brings many negative effects to the two major fields of science and politics, but also objectively forces the scientific community to take corresponding reform measures. From the current and future point of view, countries, societies and people around the world should be vigilant against the trend of thought and movement of scientific populism.
Classification of talents is the "bottom" basic problem of talent-related work and talent-related research. At the national level, guided by the practice of talent-related work, China has established a classification framework composed of six talent teams and a talent-related work system based on this classification framework. Local government departments and industry management departments have also established various forms of talent categories in their work practice. However, through field research and questionnaire survey, it is found that there are six prominent problems in the existing classification framework of talents, namely, the basis of talent classification is not uniform, the logical architecture of talent classification is inconsistent, the results of talent classification overlap with each other, poor convergence of statistical data based on talent classification, the guidance of classification framework for talent-related work practice is insufficient, specific talent categories are not compatible with high-quality development. In view of the fact that the existing classification framework of talents can no longer meet the development needs of the strategy on developing a quality workforce in the new era, starting from the evolution of the classification framework and the practical exploration of talent classification, this study systematically analyzes the context and practical needs of talent category adjustment. From the theoretical level, the study divides the concept of talent into three levels: macro, meso and micro, and makes it clear that "talent" in talent classification belongs to meso concept. From the operational level, combined with the development needs of the strategy on developing a quality workforce in the new era and the characteristics of talent-related work, it is proposed that the operational definition of talents should be further narrowed, the connotation of talents should be more focused on scientific and technological talents, and the standards for defining talents should be improved. Accordingly, the focus of talent-related work can be better defined and valuable management activities can be targeted. On this basis, the study puts forward the logic of optimizing the talent classification framework, that is, introducing relevant theories of occupational classification, combining practical experience with theory; coordinating the demand of multiple subjects on the supply side and demand side. The basic ideas of talent classification in the new era are: it should serve the national strategic development and the needs of local government to carry out talent-related work; formulate scientific and clear criteria for talent classification; build a unified two-tier talent classification framework; dynamically adjust talent categories according to strategic needs; continuously improve the management and application of talent classification. Finally, this study proposes four types of talent classification: First, on the basis of the existing classification, it is simplified into three categories: management talents, professional and technical talents, highly-skilled talents. Second, combining with the classification of occupations, it is reconstructed into five categories: management talents, scientific and technological talents, professional talents, technical and professional auxiliary talents, and rural revitalization talents. Third, according to the official talent evaluation mechanism, the scope of "talents" is defined, and "talents" is divided into three categories: talents with professional titles, talents with occupational qualifications, and talents with vocational skills. Fourth, according to the “Code of Occupational Classification of the People's Republic of China”, it is divided into six categories: management talents, professional and technical talents, administrative/production services/life services talents, safety/fire protection talents, agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery production talents, and talents with manufacturing skills.
Nowadays, promoting industrial upgrading and realizing green development has become an important development direction of many cities in China. Based on the patent data of the State Intellectual Property Office, taking the green development process of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2018 as an example, this paper discusses the impact of technological relatedness and environmental policies on regional green development, and analyzes the crowding-out effect of existing regional dirty technologies. The results show that: ①Technological relatedness can significantly promote the entry of green technologies, and new green technologies are more likely to form and develop in areas with relevant technical capabilities; ②The existence of dirty technology hinders the formation and development of new green technologies, but the technology relatedness will greatly alleviate or even reverse this negative impact (i.e. technology crowding-out effect); ③Environmental policies at both spatial scales have no direct impact on entry of new green technologies, but will have an impact on technology relatedness. Specifically, the environmental policy at the urban level will strengthen the technological relatedness, thus promoting regional green development, while the environmental policy at the provincial level will weaken the technological relatedness. The conclusions of this paper can provide a useful reference for follow-up theoretical research and policy-making.
Abstract: It’s increasingly important for China to establish a new domestic market system based on functional division of labor among cities, in order to face the challenges of foreign technologies decoupling to realize its technology independence and sovereignty, and to accelerate the development of a unified domestic market with a new growth pattern with internal economic circulation domination. However, few studies focus on the measurement of functional division of labor in urban. And fewer researches empirically test the relationship between digital economy and urban functional division of labor, especially lacking quantitative analysis of transaction efficiency as a mediation mechanism. With the improved measurement methods of functional division of labor and transaction efficiency in cities, it empirically analyzes the effect path of digital economy on functional division of labor through higher transaction efficiency adopting the two-way fixed effect model and threshold model of the panel data from 2011 to 2019 in Chinese prefecture level cities. The results present that: the functional division of labor in urban shows an upward trend with fluctuations from 2011 to 2019. There are obvious regional differences in functional division of labor in Chinese urban agglomerations including Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region, Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and the group cities region around Chengdu and Chongqing, with highest in Pearl River Delta. The direct effect illustrate that functional division of labor in urban has been improved with the development of digital economy. The mechanism test reveals that digital economy could the level of functional division of labor in urban driven by optimized transaction efficiency. Further research indicates that there is a double threshold effect between digital economy and functional division of labor in urban on the basis of transaction efficiency. Compared with extant research, the marginal contributions of this paper cover the following areas. Firstly, it puts forward a new method to measure the functional division of labor in urban, and compares the functional division of labor among five major urban agglomerations in China, furthering research on indicators for measuring the functional division of labor at city level. Second, the positive impact of the digital economy on the functional division of labor in urban was illustrated using data at urban level, enriching the quantitative analysis on functional division of labor enabled by digital technologies. Finally, it has verified the mediation effect of transaction efficiency between digital economy and urban division of labor. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a new domestic functional division of labor network through digital technology based on existing regional division of labor as soon as possible, and to formulate differentiated regional development strategies based on the functional positioning in the domestic division of labor network and the local resource endowments. What’s more, it’s recommended to make full use of digital technology to bolster technological and institutional transaction efficiency in order to develop a network of functional division of labor in urban for a unified domestic market.
Based on the career growth data of national Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) laureates, the research focuses on the influence of tutor status on the selection of talent plan of scientific researchers by using the event history analysis method. The main conclusions are as follows: First, the academic status of tutors will independently have a significant positive impact on the selection of researchers into national and provincial talent programs, that is, researchers with higher academic status of tutors are more likely to be selected into the two levels of talent programs at a faster rate. At the same time, this effect is relatively stronger in the national talent plan. Second, the tutor’s administrative status does not independently have a significant impact on the inclusion of researchers into national and provincial talent plans, but only negatively synergies with the tutor’s academic status. Third, compared with researchers with low academic and low administrative tutor status, researchers with high academic and low administrative status and high academic and high administrative status of tutor have higher probability and faster speed to be selected into national and provincial talent plans. In addition to the factor of tutor status, the research results also discover that the research ability represented by academic papers and research titles is the prerequisite for researchers to be selected for the talent plan; Working in a high-level research institution contributes to the selection of researchers into the talent program; Researchers with overseas postdoctoral experience are more likely to be selected into the talent program; Male researchers have a greater advantage in the selection of talent program; owing to the improvement of the national science and technology system, researchers who were born in the 1980s are more likely and faster to be selected into the talent program.
The policy implications of the above research conclusions are as follows: First, we should give full play to the important role of masters in the identification, selection and cultivation of outstanding scientific and technological talents, and explore the formation of a favorable mechanism for the cultivation of future masters. Second, complicated administrative affairs are not conducive to masters’ scientific research and exploration and outstanding talent cultivation, so we should build a time guarantee mechanism conducive to masters’ concentration on scientific research and talent cultivation. Third, During the process of introducing overseas outstanding scientific and technological talents, the academic network, academic influence and foresight of scientific research trend of masters should be fully brought into play, so as to achieve accurate and scientific introduction of talents. Fourth, we need to strengthen policy support for the talent selection program for female researchers to provide more opportunities for their growth.
Influenced by the sample survey data, this research also has some deficiencies. First, as the samples analyzed in this research are all laureates of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, In general, this part of the scientific research group have more outstanding research ability or potential than the general scientific research personnel. Therefore, the statistical results of the influence of tutor status obtained in this research may only partially reflect the influence of tutor status in the overall situation of scientific researchers, that is to say, from the perspective of Chinese scientific researchers as a whole, the influence of tutor status on the selection of scientific researchers into national and provincial talent plans will be greater. Second, the design of tutor status measurement in this research focuses more on domestic situations, and does not consider tutor status in foreign situations. As a result, the researchers who obtained their doctoral degrees abroad and then returned to work in China failed to fill in the identity information of their tutors effectively, and the research failed to investigate this part of the scientific research community. In the meanwhile, this research only focuses on the status of doctoral tutors, and fails to study the comprehensive effects of master tutors, postdoctoral co-tutors and the network of tutors composed by all tutors. Third, the talent plan system has internal differences, and different plans have common and special standards for talent evaluation. This research only explores the effect of tutor status on the whole, but fails to conduct targeted discussion for each type of talent plan.
Crowd innovation spaces are important carrier for implementing the strategy of "Mass Entrepreneurship and Mass Innovation" in China. Clarifying the sources of loss in the innovation and entrepreneurship efficiency of crowd innovation spaces in China is of practical significance in promoting the high-quality development of crowd innovation spaces. Based on the operation mechanism of crowd innovation spaces, this paper first divides the innovation and entrepreneurship activity in crowd innovation spaces into investment stage and the incubation stage in tandem. Furthermore, the incubation stage is divided into two parallel sub-stages: the incubation sub-stage of entrepreneurial teams and the incubation sub-stage of enterprises. Then, taking 30 provinces and cities in China as research samples, this paper constructs a two-stage hybrid network DEA model to measure the innovation and entrepreneurship efficiency of crowd innovation spaces. Finally, the Meta-Frontier theory is used to locate the sources of efficiency loss at two levels: technology frontier inefficiency and management inefficiency. The results show that: (1) Under the meta-frontier, the national average innovation and entrepreneurship efficiency of crowd innovation spaces in China is 0.724 during the study period, and more than 50% of the regions have an efficiency below 0.75, so there is still much room for improving the innovation and entrepreneurship efficiency of crowd innovation spaces in China. In terms of stages, the average efficiency values of the investment stage, the incubation stage of entrepreneurial teams and the incubation stage of enterprises are 0.856, 0.819 and 0.828, respectively. The efficiency under the meta-frontier does not exceed the corresponding efficiency under the group frontier. (2) There are significant differences in the distribution of technology gap ratio in the investment stage and the incubation stage of entrepreneurial teams in the three regions of China, but there is no significant difference in the distribution of business incubation stage. The technological frontier of the eastern region in the stage of investment is closest to the national technological frontier. The central region has the best technological frontier in the incubation stage. And the technology gap ratio of the western region in each stage is lower than that of the eastern and central regions. (3) About 16.7% of the samples belong to the ineffective type of high technology and high management, including Anhui, Fujian, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Gansu, which need to be paid special attention to in the development of crowd innovation spaces in the future. About 53.3% of the regions have more efficiency losses due to differences in technological frontiers (such as Guangxi, Yunnan and Chongqing) or ineffective management (such as Shandong, Zhejiang and Jilin). All regions need to formulate targeted optimization schemes according to the sources of efficiency loss in different stages. In general, in the future, the eastern region should focus on optimizing the internal governance structure of the crowd innovation spaces to reduce endogenous barriers to efficiency enhancement, such as strengthening the supervision and management of the whole process of government financial subsidies. The western region should strive to optimize the regional innovation and entrepreneurship environment, accelerate the narrowing of the regional technology gap, reduce the exogenous resistance to efficiency enhancement, and gradually improve the management level. The central region should give full play to its location advantage and strengthen the coordinated development with the eastern region.
New product development is a key link related to the survival and development of enterprises. The rapid development of digital technology makes product research and development face more uncertain challenges. Only by continuously developing new products with market advantages can enterprises win and maintain the market competitive position and promote the sustainable development of enterprises. The new product development advantages emphasizes that enterprises should not only develop innovative new products to lead the development of the industry, but also speed up the research and development of new products to lead the competitors. How to obtain the new product development advantages is a practical problem for enterprises to form sustainable development competitiveness, but there is less research on it.
This study combines strategic management theory and knowledge-based theory. And on the basis of previous studies, it is found that under the background that the scientific and technological revolution has brought a variety of uncertain challenges to product research and development of enterprise, the long-term layout based on the technology diversification strategy can greatly enrich enterprise technical knowledge, and more effectively promote the process of obtaining the new product development advantages. In addition, patent portfolio as an important means of efficiently integrating internal and external resources of enterprises, as well as knowledge potential difference as an important knowledge feature affecting enterprises to obtain external innovation resources, have a profound impact on the acquisition process of new product development advantages. Therefore, two variables, patent portfolio and knowledge potential difference, are introduced to construct a moderated mediation model to explore the mediation mechanism and boundary conditions of technology diversification strategy affecting enterprises to obtain the new product development advantages. In this study, the data were collected in the form of questionnaire, and the conditions were set in advance to ensure the representativeness of the samples. Finally, 417 valid samples were obtained. The collected data are tested by hierarchical regression method and bootstrap method. The results show that firstly, technology diversification strategy has a positive impact on new product development advantages. Through technology mining and technology exploration, enterprises deepen and expand the technical field, optimize the research and development process and capture emerging opportunities, which is conducive to improving the new product creativity and the new product development speed. Secondly, patent portfolio plays an intermediary role between technology diversification strategy and new product development advantages. Enterprises need patent portfolio to integrate internal and external resources to generate new knowledge or ideas and enrich the resource pool of new product development in order to promote the process of obtaining the new product development advantages. In addition, knowledge potential difference not only negatively regulates the relationship between patent portfolio and new product development advantages, but also negatively regulates the intermediary role of patent portfolio. Excessive knowledge potential difference will form a barrier among enterprises, affect the efficiency of obtaining innovative resources and hinder the acquisition of new product development advantages. The research provides specific ideas for enterprises to obtain the new product development advantages from a new perspective, which helps enterprises to more deeply understand and carry out the realization process of new product development advantages.
The innovation level of central universities is outstanding. The influence of local universities is growing. Industry-University-Research cooperation is becoming more and more important in China's innovation system. Different types of universities and industry-university -research cooperation play a specific role in China's innovation system. How do these different roles operate in China's innovation system, what is the operating mechanism of China's scientific and technological innovation, and how do they affect the technological progress of the whole society? These are worthy of further exploration by researchers. Clarify the important significance of Industry-University-Research cooperation for university innovation, reveal the heterogeneity of the roles of different types of universities in the innovation chain, provide targeted suggestions for the classified development of China's higher education, and provide enlightenment for optimizing the operation of each link in China's innovation chain. This will contribute to the further development of China's higher education and promote China's scientific and technological progress. From the perspective of innovation chain, the research fully considers the differences between central universities and local universities, brings the Industry-University-Research cooperation, scientific and technological innovation of different types of universities and technological progress of the whole society into the innovation chain, and puts forward three assumptions H1, H2 and H3 to build a theoretical model. Using the panel data of 31 provinces in China for 10 years, this paper calculates the total factor productivity to reflect the technological progress of the whole society, and applies the intermediary effect model and the fixed effect panel regression model to empirically study scientific and technological innovation process of different types of universities and influencing factors of technological progress respectively, and hypothesis tests are conducted on three theoretical hypotheses H1, H2 and H3, so as to reveal the operating mechanism of scientific and technological innovation in China's innovation chain. Finally, the study accepted the H1, H2 and H3 hypotheses. It is found that there is heterogeneity in the scientific and technological innovation mechanism between local universities and central universities. Strengthening the cooperation between industry, universities and research institutes is of greater significance to the central universities. Increasing investment in innovation will be more beneficial to local universities. Among the various influencing factors of technological progress in the whole society, the role of different factors is heterogeneous. The role of high-tech industries is distorted. The central universities have a significant positive effect. Put forward some suggestions: it is an important path to promote the innovation of local universities to increase the innovation investment in an extensive way. Central universities should strengthen cooperation between industry, university and research institute, promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, improve the mechanism of Industry-University-Research cooperation, change the extensive development model and take the road of fine innovation. The high-tech industry needs to constantly straighten out the innovation chain, improve the innovation mechanism of the high-tech industry, and gradually reverse the distorted technological impact of the current high-tech industry. The technological progress of the whole society needs to give full play to the leading role of the central universities. Various measures should be taken to support the development of central universities in order to promote the technological progress of the whole society.
In the urgent period of vigorously advocating independent innovation to promote the whole country’s self-reliance and self-improvement in national science and technology, the emerging phenomenon of large enterprises and their platform networks inhibiting independent innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises should be brought to more attention from researchers and government officals in China. In order to analyze whether the action space and freedom of platform network dominated by large-sized enterprises affect the innovation behaviors of its members, especially small and medium-sized enterprises that could be seen as latecomers or newcomers, this study focuses on the impact of autonomy of members in this sort of network on their own business model innovation. With collecting questionnaire survey data including 356 enterprises in China, empirical analyses have been conducted to test the proposed hypotheses and theoretical model in this research. The results show that: In a platform network dominated by large-sized enterprises, ①members’ autonomy is significantly and positively related to their business model innovation; ② the ambidexterity of members’ knowledge governance structure mediates the positive relationship between their autonomy and business model innovation; ③environmental uncertainty negatively moderates the direct relationship between member’s autonomy and business model innovation; ④specifically, environmental uncertainty negatively moderates the indirect effects of members’ autonomy on their business model innovation via the ambidexterity of knowledge governance structure. This study can reveal network autonomy as one of significant situational?factors that affect network innovation. Meanwhile, it can provide a new perspective for the relative researches and practices about governance space optimization of innovation collaboration networks that consist of relationships between large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises.
Drawing upon the institution-based view, considering China’s institutional characteristics during economic transition period, the paper begins by discussing and empirically examining the impact of corporate political activities on radical innovation. Corporate political activities (CPAs), as one of the effective nonmarket strategies, provides firms with alternative strategic options to overcome resource constraints and weak protections arising from incomplete institutional framework. Although the relationship of CPAs and radical innovation has already been studied by some researchers, there still exists some research gaps. On one hand, extant studies have argued that firms usually simultaneously conduct market and nonmarket strategies, the performance of nonmarket can be easily influenced by market strategies. There is a lack of research on whether the effect of CPAs on radical innovation is influenced by market strategies and on how CPAs and firms’ market strategies jointly affect the achievement of radical innovation. On the other hand, the institution-based view demonstrates that although firms can rely on CPAs to improve radical innovation, this informal approach is subject to the impact of external formal institutional environment. The extant research is also lacking in examining the effects of different types of formal institutional environment on the relationship between CPAs and radical innovation. Using the survey data from 227 companies in biopharmaceutical industry, first, the empirical findings indicate that CPAs significantly facilitate radical innovation. Second, we decide to draw on Miles and Snow typology (prospector, analyzer and defender) in this study because we believe it can provide a comprehensive and robust logic framework that suits our research needs: (1) the Miles and Snow typology provides significant implications for both managers and scholars since it continuously to be the most employed, enduring, and robust typologies available. (2) Miles and Snow’s strategic core fits our study focus of radical innovation. They argue that technologies play the key role in formulating market strategies. When it regards to radial innovation, because relatively high level of strategic proactiveness is prerequisite for radical innovation, we decide to only focus on prospector and analyzer strategies while leaving out defender strategy in this study. Since defenders show more willingness in maintaining strategic stability, the external contexts they embedded are relatively steady. Under this circumstance, conducting radical innovation has not been one of their primary concerns. The results show that different types of market strategies exert asymmetric effects on the efficacy of CPAs on radical innovation. Prospector strategy significantly strengthens the relationship between corporate political activities and radical innovation, whereas analyzer strategy significantly weakens this relationship. Finally, in terms of formal institutional environment, we incorporate the degree of policy change and marketization as moderators, which represents the characteristics of economic transition. The results exhibit that both the degree of policy change and the degree of marketization exert negative effects on the relationship between CPAs and radical innovation. The paper not only provides some relevant theoretical and managerial implications for companies regarding the interaction with governments when engaging in radical innovation projects, but also benefits government for encouraging radical innovations with some policy implications.
Implementing international strategy is of great significance to firm’s innovation, but existing studies have insufficiently explained the moderating and mediating mechanisms. Through constructing a moderated mediation model, it explores the impacting mechanism of the degree of internationalization, network diversity of international innovation partner and international experience on innovation performance. The study shows that geographical diversity and organizational diversity of international innovation partners play a partial mediating role between the degree of internationalization and innovation performance; international experience positively moderates the relationship between the degree of internationalization and network diversity of international innovation partner. International experience positively moderates the mediation role of network diversity of international innovation partner on the relationship between the degree of internationalization and innovation performance, that is, the higher the international experience, the stronger the mediation role of geographical diversity and organizational diversity play. The research provides new ideas for revealing the internal mechanism of the degree of internationalization on innovation performance, and have practical enlightenment for thinking about how to implement international strategy to improve innovation performance.
Although the Global Innovation Index (GII) is a highly influential national innovation measurement report, there is still a lack of the in-depth study of its measurement framework. Owing to the insufficient understanding of the measurement framework of the GII report, the ranking results in the GII report have been widely misused. This article combs the complete evolution process of the measurement framework of the GII report from 2007 to 2021. The development history of the GII report is divided into four stages, namely the embryonic stage, the development stage, the stable stage, and the mature stage. Starting from the embryonic stage, the Innovation Output Sub-Index has conducted the measurement from multi-dimensions and the Innovation Output Sub-Index has measured beyond the economic output of innovation. Sub-pillars have also been set up during this stage. From the development stage, the measurement framework has taken information and communication technologies, ecological sustainability as well as creative outputs into account. The Innovation Efficiency Index was set up in the development stage and then removed in the mature stage. The measurement framework of the GII report is found to have four characteristics. First, the measurement of innovation input is relatively complete, but the measurement of innovation output is relatively insufficient, especially the measurement of innovation output quality. Second, although dynamic optimization has been carried out, it still cannot fully meet the requirements of the development trends such as the Sustainable Development Goals. Third, the indicator design still needs to be improved in three aspects. Because some indicators are scaled during computation to make them comparable across economies, it is difficult to fully reflect the real innovation capabilities of large economies. At the same time, the stability and reliability of the result still need further improvement due to the use of subjective data in the measurement framework. Some important information is also not covered in the GII report. Fourth, the GII rankings of economies in different years are not directly comparable. From the analysis of the GII report, three main implications have been drawn. The first implication of the analysis is that the national innovation measurement should build a framework through three scientific and standardized steps. Firstly, the goals of the measurement framework should be clarified. Secondly, the existing research should be reviewed to obtain external experience. Thirdly, a comprehensive measurement framework should be constructed through theoretical analysis to realize the goals of three “three combinations”, namely “the combination of the measurement of innovation input, process and output”, “the combination of the measurement of innovation on macro-level, meso-level and micro-level”, and “the combination of measurement of innovation quantity, quality and efficiency”. In order to achieve the goals of three “three combinations”, special attention should be paid while designing the indicators of the measurement framework. The design of the indicators should comply with the principles of “available data, rigorous logic, authoritative sources, simplified and systematic measurement, and comparability across periods and economies”. The second implication of the analysis is that the national innovation measurement should make effort to improve the comprehensiveness and representativeness of measurement dimensions and indicators. Last but not least, measurement methods that are conducive to a more comprehensive reflection of the quality of national innovation also need further exploration.
