The Bernal-Polanyi Dispute, which occurred in the late 1930s talking about that science should be planed or to be free, can be traced back to the Second International Conference of History of Science. The Science and Society Movement among scientists throughout the 1930s are the process factors of the controversy. The controversy is actually not between two persons, but between two groups of scientists, in which the magazine Nature played a role in fueling it and several scientific organizations were involved in. The dispute is far beyond the scope of the United Kingdom. The process of it is a bit twists and turns, and the historical influence of it is far reaching. The controversial questions include the conception of science, the conception of plan and freedom, the mechanism of the development of science, the responsibility of scientists, the social relations of science, etc. It not only sprung up subjects like Science of Science, Sociology of Science, and so on, but also promoted researches on Philosophy of Science and History of Science to a new climax. More importantly, this controversy has greatly changed people’s concept of science. It made utilitarian view of science deeper and deeper into people’s hearts; also it may have contributions to the planning of science outside the Soviet Union thereafter.
In recent ten years (2001-2010), when comparing with the average age of new academicians of CAS and Nobel Prize winners, it is obvious that outstanding Chinese scientists become more and more young while Nobel prize winners becomes older and older. This contrast indicates that the time that outstanding scientists’ achievement obtain the highest international academic recognition become longer than before, our tracing studies discovered that the peak age of scientific innovation of those outstanding scientists also increase. It is the time for us to make some new adjustment in age management about outstanding scientists, especially about those young ones, so that to support and ensure them grow up further and climb the peak of science in the world.
A series of mutual citation networks of Chinese S&T Core Journals grouped by subjects are described in matrix form according to CSTPCD 2010. Furthermore, normalized matrices of similarity coefficients are imported in Pajek, the popular visualization tool, to map those mutual citation networks. Based on the analysis about those figures, three basic patterns including Star-Form, Tree-Form, Cluster-Form and two integrative patterns including Multicenter-Form and Bus-Form are distinguished and defined. What we could learn from the study about patterns of mutual citation networks of journals grouped by subjects is to indicate intuitively the characteristics of subjects or fields, to show the relation and statement of academic exchanging between one journal and others in subject, to monitor subjects’ evolving, merging and classifying, to support the running of S&T Journals Confidence Index and to discover and avoid some academic misconduct such as untrue mutual citations from a cluster of journals.
Firstly some qualitative analysis methods such as literature research and network investigation are applied to find out all the possible factors influencing scientific and technological(S&T) outputs, and considering data availability, collect all related data to S&T productivity and their influencing factors for the period 1996-2008. Then based on the collected data, a bivariate correlation analysis method is utilized to analyse the mutual relations between S&T outputs and their influencing factors, and with the multiple linear regression method selecting the high-influencing factors to construct a model analyzing influencing factors and prediction for S&T outputs. Lastly based on the results of bivariate correlation analysis, a currently prevalent BP neural network prediction method is used to do a prediction study on S&T outputs, and compare the predictive performance with that of multiple linear regression method.
Based on the current situation and impact of Japan’s solar photovoltaic support policy, this paper analyze the effect of important factors such as politics and government, media and public opinion, manufacturing and raw materials, Industry-academic-government, fossil fuel prices Etc. Moreover, this paper describes the process of “Renewable energy subsidy policy” from “Surplus electricity subsidy policy for solar power”.
With the intention of preventing domestic technology market from being monopolized by overseas firms, China implements protective patent examination mechanism, which is more beneficial for domestic firms to get patent right earlier. Overseas firms need to wait longer time for getting patent right. However, protective patent examination mechanism is not wholly beneficial to domestic firms from the perspective of firm’s patenting strategy. Since the expected revenue is uncertain and patent competing strategy needs to be taken account, overseas firms are not expecting to get patent right as soon as possible. Since protective patent examination mechanism further delays the time of granting overseas patent application, it is more beneficial for overseas firms to implement patent strategy. Although it is easier for large domestic firms to establish technology monopolistic advantage, it may be more beneficial to overseas firms in technology fields with great potential. Therefore, the effect of protective patent examination mechanism may not be ideal.
This paper empirically analyses the impact of informatization development to scientific & technological progress, based on panel data of 31 provinces from 2005-2009 in China. The research indicates: Informatization development has a positively impact on scientific & technological progress. The impact also has regional difference. The average impact of informatization development to scientific & technological progress decreases in recent 5 years. This paper analyses the reasons for the formation of these status , and discusses the concrete path and measure by which informatization development can have a positively impact on scientific& technological progress.
In order to transform the economic growth mode, get rid of the low-end plight of value chain, our country is vigorously promoting the development of strategic emerging industries. This article defines the concept of strategic emerging industries, analyzes the evolution path of strategic emerging industries. Then takes the flat panel displays as example, combined with the evolution path of strategic emerging industries and catch up ability of backward area, study the catch up path and time choice of backward area to development strategic emerging industry，aiming at guide backward areas to seek opportunities in strategic emerging industries thus achieve the transformation from capture-based governance model to balanced-type model in the global value chain.
Managerial mechanism design theory has formed a series of more completely analytical path and framework, including “definition defining, the explicit six objectives, the seven compositions and four design patterns of the mechanism”, of which time regulation has a pivotal position. Based on the review of economic mechanism design theory, managerial mechanism design theory and related researches on time regulation, this paper firstly classify the time regulation including time points, time length and time cycle. Then, the time regulation's design modes are divided into four basic classes, which are time points design mode, time length design mode, time cycle design mode and the combination mode. Lastly, the relationship among time, space and energy regulation is analyzed, and the four time design modes of the above are applied to analyze ten emergency management mechanisms, in order to show the practical significance of the modes.
It is an important way that improves enterprise’s technological innovation capability through knowledge transfer between university and enterprise. However, the researches about the work mechanism of this problem are very few. This paper constructed the theoretical model from six aspects and gave out questionnaire in 370 enterprises, then analyzed the data with AMOS. The results show that the performance of knowledge transfer is related strongly with the knowledge complexity and tacit, the university’s transfer desires and capability, the enterprise’s organization encourages and absorptive capability, the trust between university and enterprise, the organization and knowledge distance between university and enterprise. At the same time, the performance of knowledge transfer has the positive affect to the technological innovation capability. At last, the paper gave some advices that improve the performance of knowledge transfer between university and enterprise and the capability of enterprise’s technological innovation.
Current studies of scientific research value orientation mainly focus on external variable, ignoring the requirement of value subject in research activities. This article aims at exploring the intrinsic link between value subject and value orientation of researchs in Chinese universities. The study takes duty,discipline and academic level as variables,and the feedback of 169 researchers from 10 universities in China as research sample. The results show that various demands of researchers from unlike duties,academic level and subject features lead to different trends on researchs,either theoretically or practically. Besides, the findings also provide a new perspective to get insight into the evaluation and improvement on research in Chinese research institutions.
With the rapid growth of emerging small businesses, China gradually formed the economic development characteristic with entrepreneurial driven, making many entrepreneurs start to the "serial entrepreneur" road. This study is based on entrepreneurial cognitive theory, extends the type of cognitive bias, analyze the relationship between four kinds of cognitive bias and serial entrepreneur, results show that overconfidence and illusion of control have a positive influence on serial entrepreneur, but hindsight bias has a negative effect on serial entrepreneur, while law of small numbers and serial entrepreneur are not significant. This study empirically examines the moderating effect of risk taking propensity on the relationship between cognitive bias and serial entrepreneur.
We first define clustered firm's upgrading. Then, invoking organizational learning and knowledge-based theory, we reveal the underlying mechanism though which corporate entrepreneurship drives upgrading of clustered firms from the perspective of deliberate learning. We posit that, information search and experience accumulation during the process of corporate entrepreneurship provide clustered firm access to ‘new’ technological and market knowledge. And the deliberate learning process, involving knowledge dissemination within clustered firm and knowledge application, integrates the newly absorbed knowledge derived from entrepreneurial process with existing knowledge within the firm and generates useful technological knowledge and market knowledge which leads to clustered firm's upgrading. We collect data from 171 clustered firms within four industrial clusters in Zhejiang Province, and the empirical results generally support our hypotheses.
It has been the focus problem of the entrepreneurial management academic that the relationship between enterprise’s entrepreneurial orientation and venture performance is a “black box problem”. Based on the search for research documents about the relationship between enterprise’s entrepreneurial orientation and venture performance from some principal academic databases, the paper make use of the method of Meta-analysis to a quantitative comprehensive analysis. The results show that there is a significant positive relationship between enterprise’s entrepreneurial orientation and venture performance, and the entrepreneurial outcome orientation make a more significantly impact on the venture performance than the entrepreneurial process orientation does. However, it isn’t significant between the subjective venture performance and objective venture performance made by entrepreneurial orientation. Additionally, Making the entrepreneurs’ risk perception and risk preference as the moderators, the paper find that the mediation effect of the entrepreneurs’ risk perception is more important than the entrepreneurs’ risk preference does.
This paper carefully examines the mechanism of the home-market effect on independent innovation of
Chinese Firms based on the data of micro manufacturing firms in China from 2001 to 2007. Using the Probit model, we found that home-market effect exists in the independent innovation of Chinese Firms，no matter from the of view of innovation inputs and innovation outputs. Further study, we found that domestic market segmentation, income gap and process of marketization played a significant effect on the home market effect. But this significant effect is different According to the ownership of the firms. The main results prove robust after controlling for endogenity with instrument variables.
How to promote and manage innovation behavior has been the common interest for the government, enterprises and researchers. high risk of innovation decision making produce much enterprise passive risks taking may further restrain enterprise innovation. Innovation in uncertain environment is the result of managers personalized explanation faced to the highly uncertain environment. This article concern about the mechanism of environment characteristics and managers’ decision preference influence innovation decision-making through empirical research. The manager's decision making preference don’t influence innovation in dynamic environment, and in the complexity environment, the manager's decision making preference effect on the innovation significantly. The result of this research is helpful to effective promoting enterprise innovation level and controlling enterprise passive risks-taking from the environment and the managers.
Abstract: It is confirmed abroad that self-leadership positively effects individual performance and behavior. However, the research on self-leadership has almost not been involved in China. Based on the theory of self-leadership, this study examines the positive influence of self-leadership on individual innovational behavior by empirical method. Furthermore, structural equations modeling is used to test that the influence of self-leadership on individual innovational behavior is partly mediated by general self-efficacy perceptions
