Chinese government is trying for the application of biotechnology in agriculture and food production in response to increasingly crucial food security, but the debate on commercializing GM rice since 2009 October makes this ambition encounter severe challenge. The public in the debate not only highly concerned about the possible negative impacts on human, environment and society of GM rice, but also questioned transparence and justice of the approval process and asked for regulation reform. In general, there are three kinds of fundamental ethical issues relate to this debate, that is right issues, the realizing way of the interest issues and responsibility. Chinese government needs to consider public governance questions include trust issues, regulation reform and implement issues.
The "credibility" of food safety relies on "scientific" standards for a long time, so science becomes the basis of decision-making. However, as the uncertainty exists in science itself, it is not only difficult to maintain authority image established by science, but also possibly results in faults of political decision-making. Science and politics are being questioned because of the endlessly food safety issues. Facing the credibility crisis in science, people have to reflect the adequacy of science in solving problems from internal science. The important cause that is not to completely solve problems is neglect of the public dimension. The public with experience engage in science, which not only make public participation from slogan to reality, but also impel science from arbitrariness to life. The "credibility" of food safety is presented by co-involvement of science, politics and public. Moreover, public engagement makes "scientific credibility" more full.
Abstract: The reason that China’s academy focus on quantities rather than quality is largely due to the fierce academic tournaments. As a strong incentive mechanism, tournaments can make researchers spent more time to academy. However, academy characterized as strong information asymmetric, once the academic quality can not be assessed accurately, tournaments turns into a pure quantity competition. This paper developed a two-stage competition model, and found that the true prosperity of China’s academy depends on the establishment of peer review and tenure mechanism.
This paper mapped the subdisciplines of Chinese Subject Classification and Codes, i.e. GB/T 13745-2009 to subject categories of Web of Science, and established two disciplinary benchmarks to evaluate the articles and journals academic influence. Based on the basic and baseline data, we compared the academic impact at the indivadule level in different and similar disciplines, and analyzed the superiority field of a researcher. The results demonstrated that disciplinary benchmarks can be used to research performance assessment of researchers in different subject categories, and a scientific and rational baseline may improve the implications of citation analysis.
Starting from the connotation analysis of institution and mechanism, the article studies the connotation of science and technology(S&T) institution and mechanism and the reform. Combined with the existing studies and analysis of the status quo, and based on the theory of national innovation system, it analyses the problems of China's S&T institution and mechanism faced now and puts forward the goal, main line, principles and seven key tasks and countermeasures for China’s S&T institution and mechanism reform. The tasks and countermeasures includes improving the S&T and innovation management organization system, optimizing deployment of S&T and innovation resources, reforming the S&T and innovation financial management system, accelerating innovative talent cultivation and growth, establishing and improving the S&T and innovation evaluation and reward systems, cultivating an innovative culture, and improving the S&T and innovation laws and policies.
In response to the fact that a global climate changes and traditional fossil energy is gradually dry up，All the world begins to pay close attention to the development of new energy，in President Obama’s 2011 State of the Union address, the President made it clear that one of his top priorities is to ensure United States global leadership in the emerging industries of clean energy and energy efficiency, going so far as to call this our Sputnik moment. One of the main measures to achieve the goal is the Green Technology Pilot Program. This paper introduces the specific content of the Program, explores the advantage of the project, analysis the temporary and permanent defects in the project operation, offer some proposals by contrast the program to the green channels of the major countries。
Based on the study of the relationship between R&D expenditure and patent output, and funding-performance structure, this article builds a theoretical framework about relationship of R&D organizational structure and patent output. We measure the diversification of unilateral and cross organizational structure of R&D expenditure in U.S., analyses the relationship of organizational structure and patent output. The results show that the degree of diversification is at an intermediate level, the unilateral structure showed “inverted U” evolution curve and the cross structure evolution showed alternating increase and decrease, the funding structure of R&D expenditure impact to patent output by the R&D intensity, and the relationship between the structural diversity of R&D expenditure and patent output showed “inverted U” or “U-type” curve.
The paper analysis the internal investment elements and financing channels of R & D funding influence on patent capacity in the different size and part of innovative enterprises, based on 2010 survey. In term of investment elements, the talent is the most important to improve the patent capacity, followed by the equipment, and that the raw materials investment has no significant impact, and that the individual element has greater impact of the paten than the overall. With the enterprise’s growth, there are more types of elements and the greater the impact to affect the ability of patent. In the provinces and cities, where the resources of science and education are less, the role of investment in human resources is the greater. In terms of funding channels, government funding and corporate self-financing for the development of patents and patent will have a significant impact, and corporate self-financing a greater impact on the patent as a whole, the government funds a greater impact on the patent.
This paper firstly put forward the theoretical framework of Two-stage Analysis for the evolution of Strategic Emerging Industries, to explore the influential factors from four dimensions, which consists of technological- Open innovation vs. Indigenous innovation, Market Demand- Domestic market creation vs. international market, Industry players- Incumbents vs. entrants, Institutional- Policy-driven or market-driven. Based on this theoretical model, this research utilizes the case of Wind Turbine Manufacturing Industry, to analyze the evolution process of Chinese case from 1980 to 2011, and explore the influential factors. In the last part, this paper draws some conclusions and provides policy suggestions.
Science and technology resources as the most important strategic resource, its allocation efficiency is directly related to the sustainable development of regional economy. The article according to the allocation efficiency of science and technology resources connotation and structure, using 31 province urban districts of countrywide 1998-2010 years of relevant data, in the construction of regional science and technology resource allocation efficiency based on the evaluation index system of regional science and technology resources, allocation efficiency measure. The article use comparative advantage theory and the NRCA model, calculation of regional science and technology resource allocation efficiency of the relative comparative advantage. The results showed that: over the years, the regional science and technology resource allocation efficiency has improved, but the spatial distribution pattern change is not big, the regional science and technology human resources, financial resources, information resources allocation efficiency and comparative advantage is the effect of regional science and technology resource allocation efficiency of direct cause.
More and more attentions have been paid to Industry-University-Research Collaboration by our national governments at all levels, industries, universities and research institutes. However, there are a lot of relevant concepts on Industry-University-Research Collaboration in China currently, presenting an unclear and vague understanding of the phenomena. Based on the use of search tools, like Baidu and Google scholar, this paper discriminates relevant concepts on Industry-University-Research Collaboration, combining with the searching results from China Core Newspapers Full-text Database, China Doctor Dissertation Full-text Database and China Master Theses Full-text Database. Furthermore, the paper proposes a so-called “principal-accessorial paradigm” of Industry-University-Research Collaboration.
As the value of organizational learning culture and value, Learning orientation has the key role to improve the sustainable competitive advantage and firm performance under high uncertainty environment. The main objective of this research is examining the action path between learning orientation and firm performance. The originality of this study is that it defines the learning orientation as a state construct, and market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and technology orientation as action constructs, and extends the research paradigm of attitude—result into attitude—organizational action—result, then examines the mediating role of market orientation, entrepreneurial orientation and technology orientation between the relationship of learning orientation and firm performance. The empirical data is from the questionnaires of 467 Chinese firms. The results suggest that: the market orientation and entrepreneurial orientation have mediating role between learning orientation and firm performance, market orientation and technology have positive effect on entrepreneurial orientation. But the mediating role of technology orientation is not significant.
Based on the achievement goal theory, this paper studied the structure and characteristics of entrepreneurial motivation of university students. Questionnaire survey method was used and 4869 samples were required. By the main factor analysis method, 3 main factors of entrepreneurial motivation were separated out, including motivation of pursuing fame and wealth, motivation of pursuing self-achievement and motivation of taking social responsibility. The regression analysis shows the 3 main factors all have significant influence towards the entrepreneurial intention of university students. These findings provide insight into how to promote the entrepreneurial education and enhance the entrepreneurial intention of students.
The modularization helps professional service firms develop by individual knowledge structuring and organizational knowledge explicitization. The paper explores how organization integration moderates this relationshipbetween service modularity and knowledge codification in Professionalservicefirms. The results show that the good fit between service modular improvement and operational organization integration will lead to a higher level of organizational knowledge codification, while the good fit of service interface unification and functional organization integration will lead to a lower level of individual knowledge codification.
In the process of technology assembly, in order to effectively inherit multi-level tacit knowledge in national defense science and technology major projects, the paper applied system dynamics theory and knowledge management theory to analyze the characteristics and process of multi-level tacit knowledge inheritance based on technology assembly, build inheritance model of multi-level tacit knowledge. By solving the model's equilibrium points and analyzing their stability, the basic parameters condition of effective inheritance of multi-level tacit knowledge was given: , furthermore, inheritance effect was affected by positively. Finally, based on management's perspective, the efficient inheritance of multi-level tacit knowledge based on technology assembly in national defense science and technology major projects could be achieved by building information technology platform which could support knowledge interaction, setting up efficient combined incentives mechanism and creating project culture which could encourage exchange and innovation of knowledge.
This study investigated the effect of external strategic coordination flexibility on enterprise product innovation capability, and how environmental dynamism and internal strategic coordination flexibility moderates the relationship between external strategic coordination flexibility and product innovation capability. Data were collected from 541 enterprises in Zhejiang province, PRC. Results show that: external strategic coordination flexibility has a significantly positive impact on product innovation capability; environmental dynamism negatively moderates the relationship between external strategic coordination flexibility and product innovation capability; and internal strategic coordination flexibility positively moderates the relationship between external strategic coordination flexibility and product innovation capability. This finding contributes the competitive advantage theory and innovation theory as follows. First, the application of the self-organization theory and the fitness landscape theory in the field of product innovation is expanded; the effect of architectural capability on product innovation capability is further investigated. Second, internal and external contingency perspectives are integrated to found the boundary conditions of external strategic coordination flexibility on enterprise product innovation capability, which deepens the understanding of the source of competitive advantage. This paper also has practical implications on leveraging innovation capability to maintain sustainable competitive advantage.
Through conceptual model based on previous studies, the relationship between internal social capital, internal social capital and product innovation is explored based on Bootstrap. The conclusions of empirical study are as follows. Firstly, cognitive dimension influence product innovation significantly, however, structural dimension and relational dimension does not directly influence product innovation. Secondly, structural dimension and cognitive dimension influence knowledge spiral significantly, however, relational dimension does not influence knowledge spiral significantly. Last but not the least, knowledge spiral influence product innovation significantly, moreover, knowledge spiral play an important mediation role in the relationship between the different dimensions of internal social capital and product innovation. Not only is the construction of hardware and software, but harmonious relationship between organization members and interaction of explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge also are extremely important to product innovation.
Adaptation is the fundamental driving force in the evolution of technology. It is a brand new way of engaging the study on industry’s development in dynamic environment and variables to study the new technology’s evolutionary characteristics in knowledge-intensive industry with the Complex Adaptive System’s point of view. This article uses kene theory in industry’s technology dynamic research and makes knowledge-intensive industry as the subject of study, putting forward the new viewpoint of technology’s adaptive evolution in knowledge-intensive industry. By simulating the evolution processes with simulation model, it is revealed that knowledge-intensive industry’s technology and its evolution have seven complex adaptive characteristics. Simulation results also show that, comparing to non-knowledge-intensive industry, technology in knowledge-intensive industry has much more obvious complex adaptive characteristics, and the whole system evolves complexly in dynamic environment. Based on Complex Adaptive System theory, this study has some useful explorations into the evolution laws and its inner mechanisms of technology in knowledge-intensive industry.
