After nearly three decades of development, now it has established a comprehensive governance system of research misconduct in European and American countries which compatible with their research environment and practice. After comparing the organizational structure and policies of these countries, the governance mode has gradually formed in two types during the practices-----one type is Government-oriented, another one is Research Institution-oriented, and the differences between these two modes also have apparent effects on the definition of the research misconduct and the investigation and treatment. Studying the structure and Characteristics of these two types would bring helpful inspiration for the construction of research misconduct governance system in china.
Through a comparative analysis on their procedures of investigating and dealing with research misconduct, based on some typical cases as the Poehlman case, the Woo Suk Hwang case, the Chenjin case in the United States, South Korea and China, it showed: because a sound system and mechanism preventing research misconduct having been set up, the United States not only had a correct, timely and secret procedure of investigation and disposal, but also could play an important role about fair, just and utility of procedure; although no laws and regulations preventing research misconduct, the utilitarian South Korea could either correctly, timely and effectively investigate and deal with the Woo Suk Hwang case, or actively establish a correlative prevent systems; faced with similar incident, China appeared some shortcomings of legislation, system and procedure dealing with research misconduct, but it actively promoted the correlative system construction.
The process of scientific and democratic public decision-making roughly includes four steps which are identifying policy issues, making specific policies, introducing and implementing policies, and evaluating and revising policies. Scientific advice exists in the entire process of decision-making, and is the key to ensure the quality of decision-making and improve the credibility of decision-making. China’s public decision-making now urgently needs a macro guidelines on how to scientific use of scientific advice. This paper introduces the comprehensive situation of the UK promulgating and implementing the four versions of guidelines on scientific advice and policy making in 1997, 2000, 2005 and 2010. Based on enlightenments from UK’s experiences, this paper gives three suggestions on improving the mechanism of China’s public policy making. Firstly relevant departments need to develop guidelines on how to better use of scientific advice in policy making as early as possible. Secondly, regulatory agencies should be established. Thirdly some core concepts, key principles and good practices from the guidelines of the UK should be learned for decision-making practice.
Since the middle of the 20th century, with implement of large-scale projects and mobilization from china government to scientific, which impel typical scientific authority convert to large–scale projects administration, come into the ‘chief engineer model’ in technological innovation, that is, as we say, divide into 4 steps: raising the strategy of scientific research project, Gathering technology research resources, operating project based on managerial position and ascending scientific prestige by project implementation. This model could help aged scientist avoid weaknesses by which host scientific research project as chief engineer and improved their comprehensive ability. However, this model may also squeeze autonomy and weaken enthusiasm of basic research personnel, which is, caused ‘Winner-Take-All’by chief engineers.
In order to further utilize scientific approaches in the process of science and technology policy making, the government of the United States of America proposed the initiative of Science of Science Policy (SoSP) development in 2005. SoSP developed as a new cross discipline and became an important tool in the United States government "Decision Making System Based on Evidence". At microscopic, macroscopic and national strategy level, United States raised some initial SoSP main research problems. However science and technology policy making involves very wide areas, including the factors of the technology development internal rule, the existing political operation logic, complicated and changeable social environment etc. These initial research problems seem to cover only a small part of the areas, based on the national consideration of the United States of America. Furthermore the logical relationship of the ten research problems was not clear. Therefore, research contents of SoSP need to be re-examined and broadened. This work focuses on the research problems of SoSP from a point of view of the knowledge innovation process. At the macroscopic level, it raises research issues of SoSP in the knowledge innovation process. Then, it divides the knowledge innovation process ingot four main models, and further discusses SoSP research issues in each module. This work examines many new research issues in the knowledge innovation process, and provides a new perspective to SoSP development.
For the past few years, technology niche, which is the core content in Strategic Niche Management theory, has been used by increasing number of scholars to study the development of emerging new industries. This article brings the concept of status into technology niche to analyze three niche mechanisms, namely willingness, power and knowledge, from the perspective of network, on the basis of which elaborating the four stages of technology niches’ status. Taking new-energy vehicle industry in the three provinces in northeast of China as the subject of study, the niche statuses affected by three mechanisms in the three provinces are separately addressed based on the survey. The empirical results indicate that these three provinces all possess growing niche networks and developing niche status. Liaoning Province reaches the full status, while Jilin Province is in the proto status, and Heilongjiang Province is just in the stage of embryonic. In accordance with the empirical results, this article proposes developing suggestions for the four stages of niche status, giving some useful explorations into the technology niches theory’s application in China’s regional new industries’ practice.
Taking advantage of 2006-2010 bilateral data of technical market transaction between regions in China, This paper investigates the network structure and spatial feature of inter-regional technology transfer through the social network analysis and GIS spatial analysis. Results show that, firstly, the inter-provincial technology transfer activities become increasingly frequent since 2006. With the changes of regional technology capacity and technology gap among regions, the “core-periphery” structure of inter-regional technology transfer network with Beijing as the central is getting weaken. Secondly, the bulk technology transfer is spreading to other regions with Beijing as the central, which is barely constrained by geographical distance. The whole technology transfer shows several regional blocks with various forms of spatial aggregation or dispersion, and the geographical distance plays different roles in the evolution of each regional block. Finally, with the changes of technology capacity in each region and its adjacent regions, the regional blocks evolve from ‘weak-weak’ subgroup to ‘strong-weak’ subgroup or ‘weak-strong’ subgroup, and then move to ‘strong-strong’ subgroup with good interaction.
The R&D projects and S&T expenditures would be treated as the resources base for higher education engaged in S&T activities and technology transfer. This study taking unexplored data of 22 “985 Project” universities from the Ministry of Education. We establish empirical model to measuring the impact of R&D inputs of comprehensive indices, R&D projects by type of activities, S&T expenditures by source of funds, patent activities on the number and revenues of technology transfer contracts (TTC and RTC). The research revel that (1) the same indices of R&D inputs has more significant impact on TTC than RTT;(2) S&T expenditure from both government and enterprises have not yet caused positive significant influence on both TTC and RTC;(3) the rapid growth of the number of patent application and granted patent has positive significant influence on TTC, while the positive significant on RTT is not significant. The results provide valuable policy information for improving the technology transfer from the perspective of the optimal allocation of research resources.
Using a sample of 1071 observations from Chinese listed companies that disclosed information on R&D over the period 2007-2010, from the perspective of the accounting treatment of R&D expenditures, this paper studied the influencing factors of policy choice on R&D capitalization and expensing. The empirical findings show that accounting choice for R&D expenditures is affected by the characteristics of the companies. Capitalization is preferred by those companies which are greater R&D intensity, less profitable, smaller size, more highly leverage, lower ownership concentration, non-steady-state of R&D investment, high-tech industry and in the condition of losses. While the firms choosing to expense R&D are larger, higher profitable, lower leveraged, more concentrate ownership and in steady-state for R&D. Moreover, weaker evidence shows any relation between systematic risk, growth, smoothing profits and accounting choice for R&D.
It is well accepted that climate mitigation should not stimulate economic crisis thanks to the 2008 global financial crisis. Under this context, we studied the effect of research and development (R&D) investment on the knowledge accumulation, energy efficiency improvement, and substituting for some physical energy input. Moreover, this paper combined the economic growth theory with the optimal control model, to simulate the trajectory for R&D investment under the double objectives of climate mitigation and optimal balanced economic growth. The simulation indicated that the R&D investment, which is an effective way to improve the energy efficiency, would see a slight drop-down for the inceptive period, and aggressively rise to a relative high level then drop again afterward. Under the 450 ppm carbon concentration target, the R&D investment ratio in GDP would have to increase significantly from 2016, much stringent compared to other less rigorous targets as 500 ppm. The economic would maintain its growth trend, though less rapid as that under rigorous targets. Before the enforcement of effective R&D investment, the carbon emission would increase rapidly and the carbon intensity of GDP would not see a significant decrease. While after the enforcement, the speed of carbon emission would slow down and the carbon emission would start to drop evidently.
In order to clarify the logic line of knowledge governance performance, we construct a conceptual model including the moderating effect of organizational slack, the mediating effect of governance mechanism, knowledge attribute and knowledge subject characteristic. And this model is verified by hierarchical regression analysis based on the data of 173 questionnaires. The result shows that knowledge attribute is negative to the knowledge governance performance while knowledge subject characteristic is positive to the knowledge governance performance. Three knowledge governance mechanisms have the full and part mediating effect to the knowledge attribute and the knowledge subject characteristic. And the organizational slack has positive moderating effect to this intermediary effect. This uncovered mechanism has practical significance to the construction of knowledge system、reasonable proportion of knowledge mechanism and the promotion of knowledge governance performance by using the design of knowledge governance mechanism.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between internal integration and external integration, and their effects on new product development efficiency (NPD) in the process of NPD, using data collected from 158 companies in Guangdong province. Based on internal integration and external integration, it also classified the patterns of integration and examined the relationship between integration pattern and NPD efficiency. Structural equation modeling analysis results show that R&D/ marketing integration doesn’t have significantly direct impact on NDP efficiency, but it has significantly indirect impact on NDP efficiency through R&D/ customer integration and R&D/ academic integration. R&D/ manufacturing integration doesn’t have significantly direct impact on NDP efficiency, but it has significantly indirect impact on NDP efficiency through R&D/ supplier integration. Cluster analysis and discriminant analysis results show that four patterns of integration can be developed, including low uniform integration, medium uniform integration, unbalance integration, and high uniform integration. Analysis of variance shows that the NDP efficiency of high uniform integration is better than the others.
With the evolvement of the university’s social function, university-industry cooperation has become the important way for entrepreneur’s new product development, exterior learning and technology absorption. The knowledge source’s intensity to transfer their knowledge directly influence the quantity and quality of the knowledge transferred，so the success of knowledge transfer depends on the researcher’s intensity to cooperate with the enterprises. Based on the social exchange theory, the results of empirical study shows that economic return，reputation return，open science and time cost are the key factors influencing the researchers’ willingness to participate cooperation research, while research preferences is not significant; Economic return is significantly influenced by reputation return.
The mediating variable of technological innovation is introduced into the study of the relationship between marketing capabilities and market performance in this paper. From the perspective of technological innovation, to build three dimensions of technological innovation, and to analysis the effect of marketing capabilities on market performance based on 340 listed SMEs in China, and the relationships are mediated by technological innovation. The results show that marketing capability has significant effects on market performance. Meanwhile, marketing capability affect market performance through two dimensions of enterprises' technological innovation (R&D investment and technology inputs), and the company's patent did not significantly mediates the relationship between marketing capability and market performance. The findings enrich the understanding of the marketing capabilities, which has important guiding significance in practice for technology innovation and development strategy.
with the development of multinational investments of Chinese enterprises, the host countries of Chinese investing enterprises have transformed from developing countries to the developed ones, and our enterprises have emphasized on knowledge-seeking motivations more and more. In order to meet the knowledge needs, Chinese parent enterprises have gradually focused on the reverse knowledge transfer which could share knowledge resources with subsidiaries in host countries. And this paper would make an empirical research on the parent enterprises’ factors of reverse knowledge transfer, which contain absorptive capability and institute environment factors. According to statistic analysis, it could be concluded that absorptive capabilities have made significant effect on reverse knowledge transfer in three types as the sharing capability, the applying capability and the innovative capability, while the institute environment factors have also dramatic effect on knowledge transfer, containing innovative culture, the learning system, and MIS, the supporting resources, communicating channels and so on. Finally, in the analysis based on different indexes of reverse knowledge transfer, the above independent factors have even made quite different effect on the dependent indexes.
This essay puts forward the concept of the social cost of technical innovation to explain the loss of other people involved in the process of innovation .Those loss which can be found in the production function or utility function or other value aspect was caused by the innovation activity.Then the thesis reaches the conclusion that the nature of the social costs of technological innovation lies in the imbalance of the innovation value system, innovative resource allocation inefficiency and lack of social responsibility.Proposed the formation of the social costs of technological innovation throughout the entire process of technological innovation, and showing the costs’ four relatively independent generation path about the resources, products, production and consumption.Finally, to analyzes its causes from many aspects such as the technology itself，the innovative object and subject、the innovatively consuming object and innovative system of technology ect。
The factors influencing cooperation and innovation include the knowledge and resources structure of the cooperation and innovation principal, the ability of organization and learning, the structure of sociability and networking，and the plicy for cooperation and innovation. As the internal structure and the external environment of the cooperation and innovation mechanism, the above factors determine the evolution of the cooperation and innovation mechanism. This paper analyzes the evolution of the cooperation and innovation mechanism basing on the theories and methods of chaos, and links the determinant factors to conclude that the level of the cooperation and innovation influenced by favor relationship is low.
Open Science(OS) provides a systematic analysis framework for industry-university Collaborative innovation (IUCI) from the New Institutional Economics.It believes that industry and university are two heterogeneous Institutional organization, it stresses that the Institutional logic of IUCI is from the Heterogeneity of knowledge, the Properties of public goods of knowledge and social contract . The governance mechanism of IUCI is that the enterprise to pay taxes to the government, the government allocates resources and funding basic research for the university , University open knowledge for industry in the reward system of priority and academic reputation.enterprise actively absorb and industrialization the knowledge from University in the patent system , finally, to maximize Social welfare.
Industrial agglomeration plays a critical role on the innovation of high-tech industries. Under the background of open innovation, this paper studies 221 samples of the high-tech industries in China and examines the relationship between industrial agglomeration and innovation performance based on the theory of agglomeration economies, resource-based view and institutional theory. The results show that the impact of industrial agglomeration on innovation is dependent on the degree of agglomeration. In lower degree, specialization agglomeration is positive to innovation and diversification agglomeration restrains innovation; while in higher degree, specialization agglomeration is negative to innovation and diversification agglomeration promotes innovation. In addition, open innovation can effectively improve the impact of diversification agglomeration on industrial innovation.
The purpose of the network cultural industries institutional innovation is to reduce transaction costs of original system and improve the overall efficiency of network cultural industries, and to increase social benefits. In this paper, institutional innovation evaluation model of the network cultural industries include the institutional innovation level, innovative domains and innovation intensity. By building the institutional innovation level index, innovative domains index, innovation intensity index and innovative composite index to the empirical analysis for 171 systems from 1994 to 2011: After 17 years of accumulation, China’s network cultural industry system has established, although there are a lot of system, but quality is low, especially the lack of legal system. In addition, the overall evolution trend showing "inverted-U" state: In 2000, the most active institutional innovation; 2002, 2006, 2009, institutional innovation is very active, but since 2010, institutional innovation tends to smooth, indicating that network cultural industries development became increasingly stable. In view of this, the top-level design of network cultural industries institutional innovation should be strengthened to establish a systematic, predictable institutional innovation system, and draw on the 3C Principles to establish public governance model for multiple subjects.
