Latour brought forward the new principle of symmetry that abolished the distinction of nature and society to turn to the construction of science from the social construction of science, according to his new explanation about the reason of science’s formation. Based on this, he thought science was constructed in the actor-network and society appeared during this process, which turned to a new view of science. He claimed to reassemble the social in the construction of science by putting forward Actor-Network-Theory, in order to realize the subject-object unity. Latour thought he broke away from the camp of social constructivism, but by investigating the relationship of the unity between Actor-Network-Theory and Strong Programme, we find his theory still insists on the general principle of the social constructivism of science, and in fact makes the supplement and development for the broader social constructivism.
According to the traditional positivist, science, presupposing universalism of science because of Knowledge sharing for all humanity, is independent of society and politics, which provides the theoretical foundation for international cooperation of science. Nowadays, however, this view of Science has been challenged in international cooperation. Analysing the event of NASA “China exclusion” on scientific research, we can find that American government adopted many intervention modes, such as legislation, finance, to control scientific cooperation, and under the pretext of “National Security”, containment and blockade rising country including China, which set up obstacles for international cooperation in science. Facing the Challenge, we should strengthen the consciousness of the politicization of science in globalization era, safeguard the national security by competition and struggle in scientific research cooperation, meanwhile，we also should strengthen independent innovation and strive for more discourse power in international cooperation， which can really break the blockade by western countries in science and technology.
Open science is innovators open knowledge disclosure behavior, it can promote openness and sharing of knowledge, and improve social welfare of innovation. Open science universal exist in academic and industrial sectors, it has ‘science-business’ dual value.This study provides a new explanation for scientists’s motivations, and builds a theoretical framework from‘career-property-status-economic’ motivations perspective. Using survey data from 883 academic and industrial scientists, we examine the rationality of theoretical framework, and find the differences between academic and industrial scientists in open science motivation. Our findings have important implications for innovation research as well as for policy makers and managers.
From the perspective of the industrial development history, strategic emerging industries aren’t new things, which mean that every era has its own strategic emerging industries. Based on lifecycle theory and industrial evolution theory, we analysis the developing process of the automobile industry of United Kingdom and the information technology industry of American. The analysis results showed that, as the primary stage of Strategic industries, the lifecycle of Strategic Emerging Industries undergo the vibrating period because of the impacts of different factors, such as: “Zooming—Slow down—Zooming”, “Zooming—Cease—Zooming”, “Zooming—Declining—Zooming”. And the key successful factors that influence the evolution of Strategic Emerging Industries contain industrial environment, government support, industrial innovation, industrial platform, risk control and the cultivation of the industrial chain and industrial cluster, which facilitate the evolution of Strategic Emerging Industries synergistically.
The paper reviews the laws and policies of government procurement promoting innovation of main foreign countries, analyses the current dilemma China abandoned the related government procurement policies promoting innovation, and put forward a policy system and policy recommendations of government procurement promoting innovation using theory of policy portfolio under WTO rules. It is necessary for China to change the original indigenous innovation product identification standard and transform the national and regional key new product identification standard to be the basic condition for the government procurement policies promoting innovation, to restore and improve the government procurement policy promoting small and medium-sized enterprises,to improve the first-time purchase and order policy, to lay down procurement policy of green products, and to improve the policy of technical standard supporting innovation.
Patent policies are most important supports of innovative systems in both nation and region, while they are one of hot theoretical issues. This paper explores the mechanism of the patent policies, proposing structural effect hypothesis of the patent policies with empirical study. After that, this paper holds that the patent policies has wholly positive effect toward scientific and technological innovation and the structural effect exists; The policies promoting patent application are the key parts among current policies, but its effect of comprehensive index is weaker than that of the policies fostering patent delivery and usage; The comprehensive effect index of the policies promoting patent usage is the highest, but it is usually ignored by current policies. On the basis of empirical analysis, this paper, considering current situation of China’s patent polices, gives some suggestions.
Firm’s decision on whether to apply for a patent or not is subject to patenting motives, and patenting motives are influenced by various factors inside or outside the company. Based on literature review, this study aims to explain the relationship firm characteristics and patenting decision, and analyses the mediating effect of various patenting motives, including market protection, technology exchange, block and reputation. Firm characteristics include 3 dimensions: resource base, technological innovation strategy and knowledge base. The empirical results show that industry position, R&D intensity, product innovation and the generality of innovation output affect the patenting decision in an indirect way. The sizes of company and process innovation have no influence on patenting decision. What’s more, reputation motive show little mediating effect between internal factors and patenting decision. All these results suggest that firms which have weak resource base and low-intensity R&D investment, conduct process more than product innovation and have more tacit knowledge will not apply for a patent. This is mainly because they lack the motives to apply for a patent.
Convergence of region economics has been a focus of development economics. The paper probes the driving effect of technology on economic convergence of 30 provinces in China during 1999-2010 based on constructing the measurement model of R&D marginal productivity. The research results show that there exists significant driving effect of R&D marginal productivity on regional economic convergence in China, and there is one-period lag when R&D marginal productivity driving economic convergence. The research also finds that the R&D input in Eastern economic region is excessive, the input in Western region is not enough, and the input in Middle region shows relatively reasonable.
R&D going out has already become a vital strategy for Chinese firms to realize technology catching-up. In order to establish a global R&D system, latecomer enterprises must coordinate multiple relationships between internal and external network, then design appropriate paths and approaches of conducting architecture. Based on the perspective of architecture theory, this paper uses multiple case studies and cross-case comparison to analyze that, under the influence of technological gap and institutional gap, how enterprises should design and construct technological and organizational architecture, then to find out the optimal path to establish and consummate glboal R&D system. Based on case studies, this paper generalized different types of paths of technological and organizational architecture building, analyzed the matching and interaction mechanisms between them, and then discussed the design rules of strategy choice, constructing procedure and coordinating technique during R&D going out, in order to provide practical guidance and enlightenment for Chinese enterprises.
Based on Provincial Panel Data between 2000 and 2009, this article first applies the Gini coefficient, σ convergence and β convergence approach to objectively describe the spatial distribution characteristics and change trends of regional university-industry cooperation activity in China, and then takes use of the hierarchical multiple regression method to analyze the influencing factors of regional university-industry cooperation activity from the view of regional social capital, technical capacity and economic environment. The empirical results show that in our country university-industry cooperation activity features agglomeration in spatial distribution: cooperation is relatively active in the eastern regions less active in the central region, and relatively inactive in the western region. From the trend of changes, the non-equilibrium of university-industry cooperation activity shows divergent trends in the whole nation, eastern regions and western regions, whereas it shows convergent trends in the central region. This spatial distribution characteristics and change trends are affected by regional social capital (trust, norms and social networks), technical capability (R&D stock and R&D personnel number), the economic environment (high-tech industrial scale and export economies of scale) and the ownership of firms.
Industrial Technology Research Institute is a new development institute which gathers many innovators, such as universities, research institutes and enterprises, and integrates scientific research, industry, capital, education and S&T intermediary service. In order to effectively get through the barriers between different types of innovators, and form an effective connection channel between basic researches, applied research and market promotion. In an overall view of cross-organizational knowledge integration, an network-based mode of Industrial Technology Research Institute is designed which can integrate tacit knowledge and code knowledge among academia, technology services sector, industry, finance and government. In the mode, strategic orientations for different types of industrial technology Research Institute are explored, a cross-organizational knowledge integration network of Industrial Technology Research Institute is constructed, relationship among different type of innovators is analyzed, team matrix organization structure is built and operational mechanism is discussed. The proposed mode can provide references for the construction of Chinese Industry Technology Research Institute.
Knowledge management (KM) plays an important role in the survival and development of organizations in modern society. This paper aims to explore the internal relations between KM and metaphorical cognition on two different levels, namely the theoretical construction and the practice of KM, from the perspective of metaphorical cognition. For one thing, metaphorical expression is pervasive in the theoretical literature of KM. According to our analysis, we find that different KM theories are derived from different conceptual metaphors. The discrepancy in conceptual metaphor reflects different focus of KM theories as well as the impact of relevant cultural backgrounds on the selection of metaphor. For another, metaphor is closely related to the creation and dissemination of knowledge in terms of KM practice. The creativity of metaphorical cognition is a powerful driving force behind knowledge creation. In addition, the economic and heuristic characteristics of metaphorical cognition are conducive to bridging the knowledge gap between different subjects and consequently improve the efficiency of knowledge dissemination.
Efficient knowledge transferring is one of the critical factors in influencing the success of temporary team. As such, mining the driving factors of sticky knowledge transfer in temporary team and their mutual relations is quite helpful for us to expand related theories and guide business practices. Based on grounded theory, we refine the critical driving factors called ODP model, which includes knowledge operating capability, transfer driving design, and transfer protection mechanism. And, we also refine twelve sub-categories. Then, we analysis further the influencing mechanism of six fundamental categories. Our results can help to rich temporary organizational theory and supervise temporary team.
Abstract: For Large science and technology （construction） project organizations, knowledge management and learning organization complement each other, improve and support mutually. The learning organization is the carrier of knowledge management, and knowledge management is the core and source of the knowledge resources of the learning organization. Combining the knowledge production features of large project organizations, the paper studies on the coupling relationship between knowledge management and learning organization from the systematic and ecological perspectives, establishes the organizational culture, organizational strategy, organizational structure and organizational learning and knowledge flow four integrated key fields. And then according to the initial key fields, developing key fields, mature key and sustained improvement key four integrated optimization stages, the paper analyzes integrated optimization methods, builds a large science and technology （construction） project organization knowledge management and learning organization organically and symbiotically integrated optimization system body model.
Along with the booming development of open innovation concept and practice, innovation policy has been adjusted accordingly. This paper traces back the concept formation of open innovation as well as introduces worldwide practices to build up a theoretical base for the purpose of understanding Chinese innovation system. With the sprout of open innovation practices, Chinese innovation system starts the process of an innovation paradigm transformation from the systematic innovation system to open innovation. Yet, concurrent policy instruments could not effectively support this transformation. Policy design and policy framework are discussed in the paper with two major conclusions: firstly, introduce the concept of open innovation into the concurrent innovation policy system, and encourage the usage of financial policy, taxation policy to reward innovative entities; secondly, guide public R&D investment to build up public knowledge database, which could leverage private innovation from the bottom up.
In order to improve adaptability of HTVIC’s knowledge innovation, the coded formula and the Sharing Function of Niche from Genetic Algorithm are introduced to modify NK model, and then NK model of HTVIC’s knowledge innovation is constructed considering relationship strength and way of innovation, after that the simulation is conducted and two groups of better patterns are identified, and lastly the strategies to improve adaptability are supplied from the perspective of organizational learning. What has done will provide decision basis to advance the development of HTVIC.
Direct investment and tax preference are the major R&D funding ways taken by governments. But each of them has different characteristics which combine with different motives for government investment; meanwhile they have different action in the different phase, so they have their own innovative incentive paths. Taking Jiangsu manufacturing as the research sample, we find there exists large difference between the two policies due to their own innovative incentive path. Overall, direct investment is better than tax preference. The former has a positive effect on the three stages which are R&D input, the medium-output and the final-output, while the latter has an effect on the first stage. Therefore, It is necessary to moderate policy adjustments.
Aim to investigate characteristics and discipline of management innovation method of Chinese enterprises. Using exploratory multiple case study method and based on grounded theory, were analyzed to identify influencing factors and dimensions of management innovation method of Chinese enterprises. Through open coding, axial coding selective coding and modeling, the results show that the environment, the team spirit of innovation, innovation culture and enterprise strategic choice are four fundamental categories of the factors. Based on the above analysis, we use neural network method to build intelligent evaluation systems of enterprise management innovation methods.
Technology commercialization is the main model for the transform of achievements in scientific research of universes. In order to ?ll the funding gap in the progress of technology commercialization and accelerate the commercialization of university innovations in the United States, a new type of organization has emerged—the proof of concept centers(PoCCs). Making full use of regional resources and bring innovation and entrepreneurship together by institutional innovation and open innovation network, PoCCs drive the synergy between universes and industry. From this case, we can conclude some important implications for Chinese universes: universes should construct harmonious innovation ecosystem by organizational innovation and intuitional change, and at the same time engage positively in regional innovation ecosystem.
