As one of the scientific evaluation method peer review reflects science autonomy and self-discipline since the Enlightenment. Yet, with the changes of means and ends in the science research, scientific knowledge is now defined as uncertainty rather than certainty, along with convergence and interaction of science, technology, economy, society and politics. The scope of the scientific activities has been far beyond the range of scientific community. The influence of scientific activities, including its negative elements, has spread to the nature and various social fields. In this context, it is important to evaluate the social consequences to scientific applications. Peer review, as one of the important scientific evaluation methods, still has its limitations. Based on the review of the origin and limits of the peer review method, this paper proposes the constructing a multi-evaluation mechanism, in particular the ethical assessment should be included on the scientific assessment system, and the public acceptability of the scientific and technological researches should be considered.
Faced with the new circumstances and requirements of science development, exploring how to develop the standards and mechanisms of research evaluation adapting the new development mode of scientific research has become the significant practical problem. Based on profiling the crucial issues of international research evaluation and combined the recent advances in international studies of research evaluation and the innovation of research evaluation systems, the trends of international research evaluation are analyzed.
Technology roadmapping (TRM) is an effective scientific research management tool. Since it was developed, lots of researchers has put their attention on it and applied it to different areas. However, it only provides the development trend of the technology without the driving factors behind it. Furthermore, it is usually made up of technology, product and market, which cannot provide the comprehensive and detailed instruction to the enterprises and industry. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a method that based on SAO structure information to build a TRM with six layers. This kind of TRM not only uncovers the driving factors behind the D&R activities of the target technology field, but also illustrates the detailed development path of it. Last, we choose the research results of dye sensitized solar cells from Swiss researchers as the empirical study to build the TRM and prove the feasibility and effectiveness of this method., Abstract：Technology roadmapping (TRM) is an effective scientific research management tool. Since it was developed, lots of researchers has put their attention on it and applied it to different areas. However, it only provides the development trend of the technology without the driving factors behind it. Furthermore, it is usually made up of technology, product and market, which cannot provide the comprehensive and detailed instruction to the enterprises and industry. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a method that based on SAO structure information to build a TRM with six layers. This kind of TRM not only uncovers the driving factors behind the D&R activities of the target technology field, but also illustrates the detailed development path of it. Last, we choose the research results of dye sensitized solar cells from Swiss researchers as the empirical study to build the TRM and prove the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.
The Information technology (IT) investment performance should be a dynamic change process, affected by the national characteristics, but which is often neglected by the current research. On the basis of the traditional partial adjustment model, this paper assumes the adjustment speed is dynamic and the linear function of national characteristics, thus a partial adjustment model based on dynamic adjustment speed is proposed. The model can analyze the dynamic change process of IT investment performance during the statistical period, and its relationship with adjustable speed. The results show that the influence of IT investment on China's economic growth is not significant, the IT as a factor into the production process, led to a decline in economic performance, thus China exists the phenomenon of IT productivity paradox.
Regarding the R&D intensity as an indicator of indigenous R&D efforts, the technology trade as an indicator of international technology flows, G7 countries as the sample, this paper discussed the evolution path of portfolio pattern on indigenous R&D efforts and international technology flows and the effect of the portfolio to the national innovation and economic development. The results showed that: the evolution path of portfolio pattern in G7 countries was external technology drive pattern- internal and external drive pattern - the internal drive and external pull pattern - external technical pull pattern - external technology drive pattern; the effects of indigenous R&D efforts and international technology flows to the national innovation and economic development are significant, although the role of indigenous R&D efforts was more prominent. Based on the experiences of G7, China should strengthen the management of R&D funding when increasing the R&D intensity rapidly, then shift from external technology drive pattern to internal and external drive pattern.
More and more domestic high-tech firms through establishment of cross-national technologic strategic alliances to do innovations. In this paper through the scale design, questionnaire investigation and collection of 325 domestic high-tech firms’ cross-national technologic strategic alliances, do an empirical analysis to propose research hypotheses and theoretical framework. The study found that: first, in the process of establishing cross-national technologic strategic alliances, to establish strategic motivation and efficient cooperation mechanism are very important; second, effective strategic alliances’ motivation can be positively regulate cross-national technologic strategic alliances’ cooperation mechanism and stability of strategic alliances; third, in the inspection process, the influence of control variables are very important.
Based on Schott (2008) model, this paper uses the new calculation method, calculate the export technical structure of China's 31 province level regions, using system GMM method, from the national and regional level, empirical testing the relation of the export technical structure of China's manufacturing and wage gap of the skilled and unskilled labor. The results show that: In recent years, the export technical structure of China's manufacturing is constantly upgrading, especially export technical structure of central and western regions; From national level, the upgrade of export technical structure of China's manufacturing significantly increases the relative demand, thereby increasing the wage gap of the skilled and unskilled labor; From regional level, the positive effect of upgrade of export technical structure of capital and labor intensive biased industries of eastern region on relative wage gap is significantly higher than the central and western regions,be seen the positive effect of upgrade of export technical structure of national level on relative wage gap is mainly caused by eastern region.
Abstract: Dominating the global value chain by the developed countries not only carries the global division of knowledge and value system, but also determines the pattern of interest distribution under vertical specialization. By establishing the game model and VAR model to analyzing and testing China's equipment manufacturing industrial upgrading dilemma under vertical specialization, we see that the blockade of developed countries’ multinationals to China's equipment manufacturing enterprises’ knowledge and technology is normal, the equipment manufacturing industry vertical specialization don't achieve the goal of China's equipment manufacturing enterprises upgrading. Instead, it will be lost in developed countries’ capture of product value chain, and that will stem the pace of industrial upgrading. Therefore, domestic equipment manufacturing enterprises should fully absorb knowledge and technology spillover achievement from the developed countries, and improve independent research ability and build open innovation network as the breakthrough, get rid of low-end locking state, set up GVC, in order to achieve industrial upgrading.
Key words: the equipment manufacturing industry; vertical specialization; industrial upgrading dilemma; game analysis; VAR model
Building on the definition of strategic entrepreneurship, this paper proposes that strategic entrepreneurship involves two dimensions—obtaining advantages in existing businesses and entering into new businesses. Afterwards, this paper builds a strategic entrepreneurship process model by investigating a Chinese privately-owned company (the Wanda Group) through a longitudinal case study. The results show that in emerging economies, the strategic entrepreneurship is a strategic choice by entrepreneurs under environmental constraints. In the ‘top-down’ strategic entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs play pivotal roles with their entrepreneurial mindsets, which are the driving forces of strategic entrepreneurship. Firms ensure first-mover advantages of new business through the product innovation and resource preemption. Strategic entrepreneurship in emerging economies is a process involves successive ‘advantages seeking’ and ‘opportunities seeking’, which enables firms to balance the resource demands from both activities.
To build a theoretical model of the guide behavior esteemed of mentors and then 140 youth entrepreneurship who are supported by YBC of Mianyang has carried on the on-the-spot investigation. Exploratory factor analysis, regression analysis on the guide behavior of entrepreneurship mentor show that mentors guiding ability, responsible, interactive relationship of tutor and youth will affect the value evaluation of youth entrepreneurship to the guide behavior of mentor, and the degree of intrinsic value identity will positively influence the external behavior of youth entrepreneurship. When youth entrepreneurship is loyal to his mentor and would like to recommend his mentor to other entrepreneurs , research think entrepreneurship mentors behavior get the height of the youth entrepreneurship.
Under the New Normal, in order to adapt to the diversification of the economic growth, innovation also tends to be diversified. As the results of innovative practices, micro-innovation plays, under the New Normal, an important role in innovative practices as well as the economic growth and transformation. Micro-innovation is not only a kind of innovative thinking, but also a kind of innovative manner. The paper compares the features among micro-innovation, sustaining innovation and disruptive innovation through the perspective of market innovation. Micro-innovation can be divided into imitating micro-innovation, continuous micro-innovation and independent micro-innovation drawn upon the dimensions of innovativeness, market disruption and repetitiveness. Based on the analysis and summary of the micro-innovation practice in some noted internet firms, such as BAT etc, the paper analyzes the implication, characteristics and evolution of firms’ micro-innovation.
The performance of cooperative innovation is deeply influenced by partner's opportunism，and the explanation of partner’s opportunism’s causes focuses on the asset specificity. However, there are two kinds of conflicting explanations on the relationship between asset specificity and opportunism, which base on the perspective of transaction cost economics (TCE) and the perspective of relational exchange theory (RET) respectively. The study tries to integrate the TCE and RET from the perspective of resource dependence. Besides, the study takes cooperative innovation projects of equipment manufacturing enterprises for example, and analysises the cases by using the coding technology in view of grounded theory approach. What’s more, the study explores some new constructs, such as “unilateral asset specificity”, “bilateral asset specificity”, “power asymmetry”, “calculative trust” and “relational trust”. The study finds that: (1) There are two types of asset specificity, i.e. unilateral and bilateral. The theoretical paradox lies in that previous studies didn’t distinguish the types of asset specificity. (2)The mechanism of unilateral asset specificity initiating opportunism behavior is the result of power asymmetry from the competition dependence. (3) The mechanism of bilateral asset specificity suppressing opportunism behavior is the result of calculative trust from the symbiosis dependence. (4) The moderate effect of relational trust on the relationship between unilateral asset specificity and opportunism behavior maybe change in the direction (from weakening to enhance).
Based on the different focus on innovation activities of enterprises in different life cycle stages, this research constructs an analytical framework about the core of organizational innovation (OI), technological innovation (TI) and innovation efficiency. Further, using a sample of 249 high-tech manufacturing enterprises, this research makes an empirical analysis of the matching mechanism between OI and TI of enterprises in different life cycle stages by use of multiple regression analysis method. The main conclusions are drawn as follows: In start-up stage of enterprises, OI significantly enhances the role of TI impact on innovation efficiency, and the influence on innovation efficiency produced by TI is more significant than produced by OI. In growing stage, TI significantly enhances the role of OI impact on innovation efficiency, and the effects on innovation efficiency respectively produced by OI and TI are more significant than in start-up stage. In maturity stage, the interaction between OI and TI significantly affects innovation efficiency, while OI and TI have a considerable influence on innovation efficiency.
For the decreasing economy growth rate, low growth rate of demand and more intense competition become the common challenge of companies in many industries. Business model innovation is one of what they should focus on. This article analyses social commerce-based business model innovation strategy with the case of social commerce channel selection strategy in marketing. It builds the Social Commerce Application Model in Marketing (SCM) with the methodology of agent-based computational experiment and the perspective of use value and virtual value in generalized virtual economy theory. The model includes many importmant factors in social commerce, such as limited value estimation rationality of client, the effect of comment, the effect of value display in channel. Three social commerce channel selection strategy in marketing are suggested for increasing sale amount. First, selects the channel which the proportion of clients of tending to estimate rationally or overestimate product value is higher. Second, selects the channel with the higher proportion of influential clients. Third, makes choice after objectively estimates the effect of use value display and virtual value display in channel with agent-based computational experiment. Then this article makes a proposition of social commerce-based business model innovation strategy: explores business model with the methodology of complexity science such as agent-based computational experiment, explores business model with the objective of increasing participants’ value, integrates business model with the features of social commerce channels and the features of social activity in Internet such as comment, sharing.
