关键词: 英国 , 科学 , 计划 , 自由 , 争论 , Britain, Science, Planning, Freedom, Controversy

Abstract: The Bernal-Polanyi Dispute, which occurred in the late 1930s talking about that science should be planed or to be free, can be traced back to the Second International Conference of History of Science. The Science and Society Movement among scientists throughout the 1930s are the process factors of the controversy. The controversy is actually not between two persons, but between two groups of scientists, in which the magazine Nature played a role in fueling it and several scientific organizations were involved in. The dispute is far beyond the scope of the United Kingdom. The process of it is a bit twists and turns, and the historical influence of it is far reaching. The controversial questions include the conception of science, the conception of plan and freedom, the mechanism of the development of science, the responsibility of scientists, the social relations of science, etc. It not only sprung up subjects like Science of Science, Sociology of Science, and so on, but also promoted researches on Philosophy of Science and History of Science to a new climax. More importantly, this controversy has greatly changed people’s concept of science. It made utilitarian view of science deeper and deeper into people’s hearts; also it may have contributions to the planning of science outside the Soviet Union thereafter.