Abstract: Public participation is irreplaceable in many paths of ethical governance in science and technology. Analyzing the concept, purpose, and benchmark of public participation can support the institutionalization of public participation. The idea of public participation develops dynamically with the progress of practice and theory, and its connotation is constantly enriched, tending to emphasize the universality and representation of the public and the depth and diversity of participation. Public functional departments and all participants in the field of science and technology jointly establish the ethical principles regulating science and technology activities. The public is the main body of action in the ethical governance of science and technology. It can contribute opinions to science and technology policies, supervise science and technology activities, and even contribute creative power. Public participation in the ethical governance of science and technology should at least aim at the five values of science, welfare, justice, respect, and efficiency. The knowledge extension should get the support of the public, and technological progress should benefit the public. Individual, social, and human well-being should be equally valued, and protecting research participants is as important as the research's scientific and social value. With an in-depth understanding of the public attributes and social impact of science and technology activities, public participation has become necessary for the ethical governance of science and technology. Public participation is needed to ensure distributive justice, return justice, and procedural justice in scientific and technological activities. It is necessary to listen to public opinions, accept public supervision, and rely on public action to achieve technology for good and respect human and civil rights. The public could provide a holistic view of the multiple benefits of scientific and technological activities. The criteria for public participation in the ethical governance of science and technology should include proper setting of objectives, fair selection of representatives, appropriate design of forms, an open and transparent process, and effective results. Public participation activities should have more well-defined objectives to achieve their intended goals effectively. When designing a public participation activity, we should intentionally select public representatives to ensure fairness until we establish a culture of active public participation. The format of public participation activities should be customized to the local conditions while relying on existing research to choose the appropriate method based on the action's objectives. The researcher and the research organization are responsible for initiating invitations or accepting requests for public participation. Still, the specific form must be proportionate to the particular objectives, and there should not be a moral obligation for researchers to give unconditional support to any form of public participation. From the perspective of procedural fairness, the process of public participation activities should be open and transparent. On the one hand, this is to expand the number of participants, broaden the breadth, and strengthen the depth of participation. It is essential to scrutinize public involvement as a means of ethical governance. Each public participation activity must have clear objectives. In some cases, the public may not have a legal right to participate in the ethical governance of science and technology, or there may be a lack of clear channels for such participation. However, where the public does have a legal right, it is necessary to provide clear participatory procedures openly to involve the public in the ethical governance of science and technology.