Abstract: Original innovation is the high ground of international competition of science and technology. At present, China attaches great importance to cultivating original innovation, but the research on the inherent characteristics of original innovation has been neglected. This paper takes high-temperature superconductor (HTS) research as a typical case to construct the history of knowledge by sorting out critical time nodes and major scientific events. Based on this, we define the concepts, characteristics and connotations of original innovation, first-order innovation and second-order innovation. The disruptive and paradigmatic discovery of HTS is an original innovation which has changed the overall pattern and research outlook of the superconductivity research field. Moreover, there are two types of the first-order innovation: the first type is disruptive, but not as good as the original innovation and fails to create a new paradigm; the second type promotes the progress of normal science best before a new paradigm is established. Furthermore, the second order innovation is an important achievement of tracking and expanding original innovation. It is a feasible approach to analyze the internal characteristics of innovation and judge the order of innovation with the method of history of science.

摘要： 原始创新是国际科技竞争的制高点。目前我国高度重视培育原始创新，但学术界对于原始创新的内在特征缺乏研究。高温超导研究是当代科学史的典型案例。通过梳理关键时间节点和重大科学事件完成了高温超导知识史的建构，以此界定原始创新、一阶创新、二阶创新的概念、特征和内涵。高温超导的发现改变了超导领域的整体格局和研究面貌，具有颠覆性的范式革新意义，是“从0到1”的原始创新。一阶创新有两种类型：一是具有一定的颠覆性，但程度不如原始创新，未能建立新的范式；二是在新范式建立之前大力推动常规科学的进步。二阶创新是跟踪性、扩展性的研究所取得的重要创新成果。用科学史的方法分析创新的内在特征，判断创新的性质，是一条可行的路径。