Abstract: After the fourth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, the "Whole-Nation System for Science and Technology (WNSST) "has once again become the focus of the academic. However, due to the differences in the understanding of WNSST for a long time, it is necessary to research on the theory of it. Starting from the origin and connotation characteristics of the concept of WNSST, the paper illustrates its broad and narrow concepts, and points out that it has the characteristics of "Planning", "Whole-Nation" and "Government-led", as well as the connotation characteristics at national level and project level. Then, the different modes of the WNSST in the Soviet Union, the United States and Japan are discussed respectively. Finally, the paper reviews the historical choice of China and?points out that imitating the Japanese mode is a strategy for China to build a new type of WNSST in China.

摘要： 党的十九届四中全会以后，党的十九届四中全会以后，科技举国体制问题再次成为学界焦点，但长期以来学界对科技举国体制的认识存在分歧，因此对其理论分析研究非常必要。本文从“科技举国体制”概念由来和内涵特征入手，阐释了广义和狭义概念，并指出其具有“计划性”“举国”“政府主导”等特点，以及国家和项目两个层次的内涵特征。随后，分别探讨了“科技举国体制”在苏联、美国和日本的不同表现形式。最后，回顾了中国“科技举国体制”的历史选择，并指出仿照日本模式是当前中国构建新型科技举国体制的一种策略。