Trans-gene product golden rice is viewed as a gift for the needy at first but confront resistance during marketing.This can be due to(a)the ontological aspect:golden rice has been failing to response to the ethical dilemma of “profit-gain” gene product and it tried to tackle institutional famine with the means applied to simple famine;(b)the society aspect:translation chain of agencies is inappropriately loaded with interest-related aims, “free rider” phenomenon, economical and industry risk that may threat peasants and so on.So only after golden rice’s being surrounded with enough consideration can it become a real gift.
Key Words:golden rice; gift; bio-piracy
Based on knowledge management theory, this study explores the formation mechanisms/interaction patterns of opposite group cognition with regard to transgenic technology and products by applying case study approach. We find that groups hold different viewpoint due to different knowledge schema: specialized knowledge logic and methodology logic of “for” group; non-specialized knowledge logic and experience logic of “against” group. Knowledge schema will generate corresponding unique information screening strategy and cognitive pattern with distinct focus. Our study not only proposes an integrated cognitive framing, but also discovers that the “for” group has developed two response strategies against “against” group and the interaction pattern shows cognitive bias and potential intersubjective sharing core.
This paper provide a new way which analyzes the characters of in-degree of every phases in the process of cross-disciplinary in patent citation networks.To clarify this idea further, a example of 8608 patents of graphene technology is proposed to construct patent citation network. The results show that the in-degree distribution follows the power law when the technology is applied in the same field. And preferential attachment mechanism works well. While The in-degree distribution disobey power law when the technology is applied across various fields. The preferential attachment doesn’t work so well. The method proposed is helpful to identify a technology’s application of cross-disciplinary. Which will give suggestions to enterprises for R&D and government for policy made. Thus it will promote the multi-domain application of technology.
in this paper, on the basis of new economic geography theory, put forward the theory framework of science and technology service industry cluster, to explore the causes and development trend of China's science and technology service, and with the data of 222 ground level above cities are the empirical analysis. Related model is established on the basis of domestic and foreign literature, to the empirical knowledge spillover, informationization, the urban scale, the government policy is beneficial to science and technology service, show that the difference of regional development, based on the heterogeneity characteristic, the east and parts of the Midwest group has a different path. On this basis, this paper based on the development of Chinese city differentiation and technology service industry heterogeneity countermeasures and Suggestions are put forward.
In the context of China’s economic restructuring, the role of technology innovation in promoting the economic development has become increasingly apparent, and the volume of technology market is an important indicator on reflecting the ability of science and technology’s regional transformation and innovation Since the 1990 s, China's technology market has developed rapidly, but there are large space differences which are widening. From the regional level, the development of technology market in the provinces along the coastal region and Yangtze river region is relatively perfect, and the volume of technology market of Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration has a larger proportion.From the city level, technology trading activities and technology transfer agencices main gathered in Beijing, Shanghai, xian, and other central cities, and the primacy fatio is particularly high. Overall, the development of China's regional technology market is influenced by many factors, human resource level and policy of the government are the important factors influencing the level of technology market development; In addition, better living conditions and the larger size of the market in developed economic regions also promoted the development of the regional technology market.
This study compares policies history and development of cable television both in China and America by adopting sequential model of policy changes in media landscapes and making the industrial organization model as its descriptive tool. Tracking the evolution of cable policy in each country, it assesses effects on the market when the two countries that facing different pressures and employing different market structures made a transition from an old order to a new order. The results show that there would not be a positive change when only advocate competition, but will result in higher market power because of mergers and acquisitions resulting from competition. On the other hand, in order to achieve the goal of regulation, regulatory policy must be same to every competitor in the same market level. In addition, regardless of the existence of differences in regulatory thoughts and ways, the development of cable industry will eventually lead to convergence even though in the countries with different political systems, ideologies and values.
The global innovation value chain, as the main way of newly emerging to organize today's international R&D investment transfer, is bound to have a fundamental impact on the micro foundation of global science and technology innovation, it broke the function pattern of Multi-National Corporation overseas investment mainly provide local technical services for its product, is the external performance of the international division of labor further in the depth direction of development. On the basis of the International R&D investment transfer of global innovation value chain model, this paper systematically discusses the motivation, influence, and the enlightenment to the upgrading of China's independent innovation. It holds that the international R&D investment transfer is not the goal，the more important is the implementation way and the significance of driving force and Coordination mechanism behind it to the upgrading of China's independent innovation and regional transformation development.
The paper builds the Cox proportional hazards model using the unbalanced panel date of 2315 enterprises that entering the strategic emerging industry from 2004 to 2010, which from the micro level, examines the effect of government subsidies and innovation ability on enterprise survival time, especially the mediating effect the innovation ability acts between the other two. The study found that government subsidies tend to have an inverted U-shape effect on enterprise survival time and, the effect varies by the ownership properties of enterprises; innovation ability can lower the risk of exit of firms and effectively prolong the enterprise survival time, which also, partly acting as a mediator between government subsidies and enterprise survival time. The conclusion offers a new explanation for the internal logic of enterprise survival time, which will be of great practical significance on the reasonable allocation of limit public financial resources and the sound development of strategic emerging industry.
By building mathematical models, This paper studies the influence of abatement R&D subsidy to emissions reductions, emissions trading market, the enterprise profit and social welfare under the condition of emissions trading, and further analyzes the relevant supporting policies. The result shows that: abatement R&D subsidy can adjust the emission trading market effectively. Under the condition of emissions trading, abatement R&D subsidy has a good emission reduction effect, and can improve the level of corporate profit and social welfare. Finally, we find that pollution tax is the optimal policy for abatement R&D subsidy, choose the appropriate pollution tax will improve the level of emission reduction, firm profit and social welfare , which can realize the sustainable development of economy.
The waves of establishing a business is surging in the context of internet economy. This paper takes the maker’s entrepreneurial activity as an example, analyzing the character of the entrepreneurial activity from the perspectives of entrepreneurial opportunities, resources and the team, and the innovation process. The results shows that in the process of the innovative entrepreneurial activity, supported by the organizations and platforms derived by the internet economy, the exploiting of the opportunities is extending to the long-tail industry arena, the resources integration and the team building are strongly supported by the combined online-offline network, the open innovation model and user's participation are the main matters in the innovation process. This finding is useful for the development of the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
The paper documents the case of Carpoly Chemical Enterprise and structures a mechanism model due to the duality influence of university-industry cooperation to firm knowledge structure, which is complementary and supplementary dimensions impact. According to the analysis of Carpoly, this paper find there is a contradictory relationship between breadth and depth of firm technology structure account of the different introductions of technology. Meanwhile， as the development of self-dependent innovation abilities : the dependency to university-industry cooperation of enterprise will reduce， the main part of university-industry will convert from application technology to basic technology， the whole process of technology introduction type of enterprise will meet the change of “supplymentery technology” to “supplymentery technology and complementary technology” to “complementary technology”.
Research and development (R&D) is an important way for firm to obtain competitive advantage. Prior research showed that firm performance was not only affected by R&D investment intensity, also affected by R&D investment volatility. Based on the attention-based view of firm, using panel data of 202 listed firms in China from 2007 to 2013, combining event study method and the text analysis method, we empirically investigate the effect and its mechanism of R&D investment leap on firm performance. Results show that R&D investment leap positively influences firm performance, and the ambidextrous innovation attention is the mediation in the relationship between R&D investment leap and firm performance.
Using data of GEM-listed firms, this paper studies the influence of venture capital’s background and shareholding ratio on start-up firms’s R&D inputs. The study findings are as follows. The support of venture capital promotes firm’s R&D input, and venture capital with different background has distinct effect on firm’s R&D input. Government-backed venture capital has no effect on firm’s R&D input, whereas private-backed venture capital and foreign-backed venture capital exert positive influence on firm’s R&D input, among which foreign capital is the most effective investor. Venture capital’s overall shareholding ratio fails to enhance firm’s R&D input; nevertheless, the shareholding ratio of foreign capital has a positive impact on firm’s R&D input. Further analysis shows that the syndication constituted by private-backed and foreign-backed venture capital promotes firm’s R&D input and that both venture capital’s earlier entry and sufficient incubation boost firm’s R&D input.
Introducing convenient transportation and informational proximity to extend the dimensions of proximity, and employing the panel data from high-tech industries of 31 Chinese provinces in 1995-2010, this paper examines the effects on inter-regional knowledge spillovers of geographical proximity, informational proximity, convenient transportation degree and combined proximities by spatial panel data analysis. The empirical results indicate that positive spatial autocorrelation is significantly and strengthened. Second，R＆D capital contributes more than R＆D labor on knowledge production. Third, under all dimensions of proximities except informational proximity discussed in the paper，the presence of Chinese inter-provincial knowledge spillovers in high-tech industries is much evident. Fourth, under the single dimension of proximity, geographical proximity make somewhat higher effects on inter-regional knowledge spillovers than other proximity does. But the effects under informational and convenient transportation combined proximity indicate that the geographical will be no longer the main restrictive factor for development. Fifth, combined proximity does not behavior as prediction in that it can’t promote inter-regional knowledge spillovers much more. At the end of the paper, we discuss the implications and give some suggestions.
Strategy innovation, management innovation, and product innovation are three most important types of firm innovation. However, our understanding of the relationships among these types of innovation and their impacts on firm performance is limited. Moreover, it is still unknown how firms' ties with competitors can impact the relationships among these three types of innovation. This study, therefore, aims to address these two research gaps. The empirical results from a survey of 247 firms operating in China show that (1) both the influences among these three types of innovation and the impacts of radical and incremental product innovation on firm performance are not equal; and (2) competitor ties play significant roles in the relationships among these three types of innovation. This study contributes to the cross-disciplinary innovation research and innovation management practice.
External knowledge search plays a critical role on the innovation. From the perspective of formal/informal knowledge search，with the impact of knowledge search breadth on innovation performance，the modificatory effect of network embeddedness and absorptive capacity is discussed．Through the investigation and empirical analysis of 161 questionnaires, we found tie quality and absorptive capacity have a significant modificatory effect between formal knowledge search breadth and innovation performance, and structural holes has a significant modificatory effect between informal knowledge search breadth and innovation performance.
Suppliers have become increasingly important source of open innovation for manufacturers, supplier innovativeness(SI) is crucial to evaluate and manage suppliers for manufacturers. This study based on the organizational innovativeness and relational view, to analysis the nature of SI. Taking Chinese manufacturers as research objects, the study utilizes the in-depth interview and grounded theory to explore the concept and dimensions of SI, and then generate an explain framework of the construct. Subsequently we compile the scale of SI, and then a large-sample survey is conducted. By factor analysis of the valid data collected from Chinese manufacturers, we have tested and verified the construct of SI and developed the SI scale. The results illustrate that SI is composed of technological capability, thirst for innovation, willingness of resource sharing and relational collaboration capability. The first two dimensions indicate that the manufacturers focus on the characteristics of supplier itself, the latter two dimensions focus on the characteristics of supplier who could use their resources for the operation of manufacturers effectively in the relationship. The SI scale we developed provides a measurement tool to evaluate and manage suppliers for manufacturers.
