How to use science to deal with risk correctly is an important issue for modern government decision making. 1996 British BSE saga provoked much reflection on this issue and the main reason for the BSE crisis was science being misuse and spread incorrectly. In 2000, the outbreak of FMD had an even broader impact. Unlike the BSE crisis, the use of science led to the successful handling of FMD. This paper analyses that the failures of BSE crisis lie in the tardiness of governmental response, the incline of covering up possible risk in administrative tradition, lack of timeliness and understanding of science advice. The recipe for the success of FMD handling are the influence of science advisor at highest level, the authorization of power to this top science advisor, openness of decision making, coordination of departments. It is concluded that the different strategies of handling BSE and FMD actually represent the shift from departmental management to expert governance when it comes to the use of science for government to respond to risk.
As the rise of chemistry, biology, new materials and other industries, the role of science to innovation becomes increasingly significant. This paper is to analyze science-based innovation by using the cases from the Nobel Prize achievements. The results show that, the proportion of commercialized Nobel Prize sciences was increased by decades. Since 2000, there are fourteen Nobel Prize achievements have been commercialized. 51.2% of scientific discovery was born in the University, 17.61% of scientific discovery was born in public institutions. On average, there are 17.61 years from scientific discovery to commercialize. At last, we refined three science-based innovation model. Model one is “enterprises dominant the innovation”; Model two is “both enterprises and university or public institutions participate in the innovation”; Model three is “the spin-off participate in the innovation”.
We propose that essence of citation is a way by which different CIFTEs (concepts, ideas, frameworks, or theoretical essentials) on the investigated phenomenon interact with each other in human intellectual space. CIFTE Different CIFTEs gradually diffuse themselves in human intellectual space under such interactions. This view of citations will bring a huge space for the development of scientometrics. We can now regard the process of understanding a phenomenon as a process of CIFTEs’ diffusion in human intellectual space via citations. Thus we can measure the interactive force among disciplines by the change of diffusion intensity in different disciplines. Then we can even identify different relationships among disciplines caused by different kinds of interactions among CIFTE .
Under analysis on the situation of innovation and entrepreneurship policies and industries questionnaire investigation in Beijing, the system of innovation and entrepreneurship policy is constructed, which contains 7 first-degree elements and 21 branches. While the first-degree elements are technology transfer and knowledge diffusion, research and development, manufacturing, new product market, talent operating funds, and service environment. Then a policy matching model is constructed to analyze the relationship between policy supply and actual demand. And the model was used to analyze the policy matching situations based on innovation and entrepreneurship policy in Beijing. The empirical results indicated that the enterprises’ different characters were taken into account when innovation and entrepreneurship policies were formulated, which aimed to develop the enterprises’ long-term innovation ability. Second, the policy matching degree between policy supply and actual demand is higher in state-owned enterprise, private enterprise, maturity enterprise, large and medium-sized enterprise. As well as, it is lower in small industry, start-up and growth industry. At last, suggestions were given to improve the policy matching situations. It is clearly that increasing the policy supporting is not the best method, and it will turn to take measures to extend policy promotion and guidance channel, promote entrust and cooperate in science and technology achievements transformation, enhance supervision during the project.
The paper explored the impact of Chinese fiscal decentralization on the firms’ R&D input and the adjusting influence of political connection of firms itself from theoretical and empirical perspective. Due to the local government reliance on regional economical performance , the firms economical effect could proxy for political connection. Based on a sample of listed companies from 2008-2012, it shows that in the regions with higher political promotion pressure, adequate fiscal decentralization and unbalance of state revenue and expenditures, the firms R&D input more likely fewer. The economical effect positive impact the relationship between Chinese fiscal decentralization and R&D input. In addition, the positive influence of economical effect in private firm is strongest, followed by the state-owned firm controlled by local governments and the state-owned firm controlled by central government is weakest.
Based on measuring the university technology transfer efficiency of 31 provinces in China during 2005-2011 using DEA method, this paper investigates the regional differences and the convergence of the university technology transfer efficiency, analyzes the effects of the subject, the relation and the environment on the university technology transfer efficiency using panel tobit model. The results show, the university technology transfer efficiency in China is relatively low, no significant improvement, and has a convergent trend as a whole. The promotion of the university, the relation between the university and the firm, regional GDP have significant positive influence on the university technology transfer efficiency. The supports of the government, the relation between the government and the university, the absorptive capacity of the regional firm have no significant influence on the university technology transfer efficiency. Finally, this paper gives some policy recommendations.
Firstly, with industry technical performance as the breakthrough point, SCP depictes evolution validity of incubator market structure in America. It explains the decisive action of The information industry revolution to American incubator market structure evolution, which Indicates incubator market structure in China may also change under the background of new technology revolution. To seek the equilibrium, an evolutionary game model of business incubator and public incubator is build to get a dynamic evolutionary stable equilibrium. Reulsut is: Evolutionary equilibrium of incubator market structure in China are different selection of business incubator and public incubator to different innovation orientations. Influence of different innovation orientationss is depicted by numerical simulation.
How to make listed firms increase R & D investment in energy conservation to protect the ecological environment and enhance the product life cycle cost control through institutional arrangements and intrinsic motivation is becoming more and more important today in the case of China’s rapid economic development. Based on the Chinese manufacturing data from 2011 to 2013, this article systematically examines the influence of government pressure and tax preference on the R & D of Chinese local firms. Through the theoretical model, this paper analyzes the mechanism of government pressure and tax preference alone and commonly influences the R&D of Chinese local firms and uses data to test. We find that firms disclosure R&D investment information and R&D intensity are increasing year after year, and that operated in high-tech industries, have higher state ownership, have higher environmental regulation tend to make R&D information disclosure and have a higher level of R&D intensity. However, Pollution bring “crowding-out” effect, those environmentally sensitive industries tend to have lower level of R&D information disclosure and R&D intensity; Tax policy is an important factor in the impact of R & D investment, enterprise income tax incentives bring more R&D investment than added-value tax do; The impact of government pressure on R&D investment is more significant than tax policy.
This paper provides a firm-level empirical analysis on the ways in which firm boundaries expansion affects R&D investment using survey data of World Bank about institutional quality of Chinese enterprise operation in 2012. This study finds that: Firm boundaries expansion have significantly negative effect on the propensity of R&D investment. Based on this, this paper further studies the effect of firm boundaries expansion on the R&D investment under different situation. The results show that: the ratio of state-owned, political connection, policy uncertainty and lobbying strengthen the negative effect of firm boundaries on R&D investment, but the level of rule by law has no relief on the negative effect of firm boundaries expansion on R&D investment. In addition, we depict the relationship curve between firm boundaries expansion and R&D investment using generalized propensity score matching method and dose response model, the results show that, firm boundaries expansion have robust negative effects on R&D investment. Our research enriches the understanding of the relationship between organizational form and firm internal resource allocation, it also enrich the understanding of firm R&D investment.
Collective Intelligence is a new research paradigm on complexity, which could explore the mechanism that how numerous individuals obtain the capacity of swarm evolution under the circumstance of decentralization. The employment Collective Intelligence theory into industrial organization research in the manner of bionics, and the compare of the individuality and commonality of Innovative Small and Micro-enterprises with social insects, demonstrates that Innovative Small and Micro-enterprises not only have organizational features, systematic openness, resourceful integrity, the coexistence of competition and competition, cultural embeddness, but also shows obvious collective intelligence features, which allows swarm evolution via collective intelligence. The intelligence emergence of innovative small and micro-enterprise clusters calls for internal regulation, external environment, decentralization and high connectedness. Its key driven force is diversity and increasing returns, with the precondition of maximized boundary and tolerance.
How do latecomer firms motivate Less-is-More innovation in an emerging market? Studies of 9 cases embedded in two traditional manufacturing firms in China indicate that the foreign knowledge and prior experience are the conditions for motivating frugal innovations. Moreover, the interplay of organizational improvisation, prior experience and experimental leaning consists of main indigenous efforts, and these efforts are important motivations for frugal innovations. These results have theoretical implications for the literature of frugal innovation, latecomer firms, organizational learning, and also have practical implications for Chinese latecomer firms.
Academic study of the relationship between social network and innovation of entrepreneur has been in dispute. On one hand, the lack of in-depth investigation of dual nature of entrepreneur’s social network; on the other hand it failed to take into account the situational conditions of entrepreneur’s social network influence on innovation. This paper takes the private domestic high-tech enterprises as samples, to explore the relationship between entrepreneur’s social network and innovation performance, and to examine the moderating effect of organizational slack on the relationship between the two. Results show that the universality of entrepreneurial social network has "U" type relationship with intensity and innovation performance. Organizational slack plays a moderating effect on the relationship between the two, namely organizational slack has a positive moderating effect on entrepreneur social network’s intensity relation influence on the innovation performance; and has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneur social network’s width and innovation performance. Finally, implications for management practice and future research direction are been discussed.
Technology innovation network governance is to maintain stability and promote the network knowledge information in the smooth running of the core problem, but the existing literature on the study of its composition and relative lack of influence path. Based on core elements in non contractual governance and from across the level Angle, dual cooperative innovation network can be divided into network level, level and enterprise level, and use HLM analysis research methods in different levels of structure mechanism, the relationship between mechanism and learning mechanism from top to bottom. The results show that the binary relation mutually beneficial norms in macro culture and information sharing between the intermediary effect is stronger, mutual trust in partner reputation and knowledge transfer intermediary role between the symbiotic stronger; At the same time, the binary learning mechanism in the binary relation mechanism and similar intermediary role between corporate learning mechanism. Through the study of this article to help members of the network by using different mechanisms through more effective governance path with the goals of governance, for innovation networks exist in different levels of governance mechanism selection, promote enterprise's sustainable innovation ability and competitive advantage to provide theoretical support.
Western mainstream theory argue that individual innovation behavior is mostly voluntary, and will inevitably lead to a high innovation performance, however, it is difficult to explain the reality of innovative practice in our country which flooded with reactive, reluctant and poor performance. Based on Chinese social and organizational context, from the perspective of individual innovative motivation, and using both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the paper extract the employee reactive innovation behavior concept, built structure dimension and develop a measurement scale from the current phenomenon of innovative management practices. The result shows that there exist a large number of reactive innovation behavior in innovative management practices and behave differently. According to the difference of employees’ self-construct state triggered by the organizational innovation norms, reactive innovation behavior is divided into three categories: perfunctory innovation; expedient innovation and compliant innovation.
