Research activities in scientific community have the prerequisites of democracy and necessitate the spirit of democracy in that they often have controversies instead of agreement in the production process of scientific knowledge. The scientific community persuade through strategies of publishing journals, public display and scarce resources. This article explains four kinds of consensus models based on the degree of consensus on scientific knowledge and interests. In the post-academic science times, new changes have filtered into the scientific community, making the consensus influenced not only by different interests, but also pressures outside the scientific community. During this process, democracy is becoming an indispensable as well as a de facto reality for scientific community.
Derek Price epitomized the quantitative study of History of Science,and the quantitative study of History of Science is also the main line of Price's academic research. The law of exponential growth of science as a starting point of his quantitative study of History of Science,which can be traced back to the curiosity and thinking about science in his boyhood,the accumulation of physics and mathematics in the early years of academic career and the direct inspiration from Pragg and Parkinson. Based on the basic understanding and hypothesis of “Science is the papyrocentric accumulative activity”,Price inherited and developed the quantitative study method in History of Science and formed“Price’s three laws”. At the same time,Price used the Science Citation Index to explore the network of scientific papers of the whole world,depicting the whole picture of the development of science from the foundation to the frontier,opening the mainstream direction of citation analysis based on scientific papers. Price is both a propagandist and a fruitful practitioner of quantitative study of History of Science.
Taking 77 Chinese Academy of Sciences (ACAS) and 82 Nobel prize laureates in physiology or medicine as research samples，the study of classification of scientists is conducted based on 2-dimensional coordinate space. Two-dimensional coordinate systems between average and high level of papers impact, and between impact level and variation degree of papers are set up, and demonstrate the application value in the management of scientific research. To reach the level of Nobel prize as a whole, ACAS’ paper impact needs to expand e2 times, although a few ACAS have reached the Nobel prize level.
The technological achievements investment has been main way of transformation, innovation and entrepreneurship. Tax issue of technological achievements investment becomes the hot topic. This paper mainly compares and analyses the squeeze-out effect of immediate tax，deferred tax for five years and temporary tax-free(defer to the exit) on the technological achievement investment, finding the phenomenon is “immediate tax >deferred tax for five years >temporary tax-free”, which indicates the temporary tax-free policy is most effective. Therefore, this study proposes we should take tax policy that is tax-free when getting equity and taxable when getting cash earnings from equity transfer, insisting on the principle there is no taxes when no gains, and pay taxes when gains. Temporary tax-free policy for technological achievements investment can promote the technological achievements investment, innovation and entrepreneurship, and give impetus to industrial transformation and upgrading.
Public S&T subsidies are important means to solve the externality of corporate R&D activities and promote the innovation-driven development. Based on the data of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises in China during 2009 to 2014, this paper explores the effects of three kinds of ways, including direct subsidies, direct tax credits and indirect tax credits, of public S&T subsidies on private R&D expenditure, and also analysis the moderating effects of other factors like intellectual property right protection, enterprise scale, property types, knowledge stocks and R&D capital stocks. The research found that all three kinds of public S&T subsidies have significant positive effects on private R&D expenditure, especially for direct tax credits, which has the strongest. However, the moderating effect of intellectual property right protection is not significant. The positive effects of public S&T subsidies on small scale enterprises and private enterprises are stronger than large scale enterprises and state-owned enterprises. The direct tax credits has a stronger positive effect on those corporate who has large R&D stocks and knowledge stocks, and the direct subsidies and indirect tax credits have stronger incentive effect on those has small one.
Using panel data of 18076 non-financial firms from 101 countries and regions during the period 2005~2014, we analysis the differences and characteristics of R&D investment scale and intensity of China, the United States, Britain, Japan, Germany and India and conclude that: First, R&D investment scale of China's top firms is too little compared to developed countries’ multinational firms which lead global R&D activities. China’s economic growth can’t be supported by core firms powerfully which lead the world's technological innovation, and it is driven by consumption of energy and materials and investment in fixed assets. Second, the gap of firms’ R&D investment scale between China's energy industry and that of developed countries is relatively small, which reflects China's attention to the green economic growth model. The R&D intensity of information technology industry in China is relatively high compared to firms of other industries, but the R&D investment scale is still small, which may affects the extension of China's industrial chain to a certain extent. The gap of R&D scale and intensity of healthcare and consumer discretionary industry between China and developed countries is relatively deep, which is mainly confined by economic complexity that per capita income determines. Third, the differences of firms’ R&D investment between China and major countries also vary from firm age and size. Old and small firms invest less in R&D, start-ups and large firms have high-intensity R&D investment.
Based on China's non-financial listed companies, This papers studies the relationship between firm financialization and R&D investments.The Study finds that:(1)firm financialization are negatively related to the intensity of R&D investment,in other words, firm financialization crowds out R&D investment;(2) forthemore when the financialization motivation is classified by heterogeneity,long-term investment financialization has more signicantly excluding effect of R&D investment than short-term financialization;(3)there is a significant positive correlation between the market competition and the R&D investment,and market competitionhas certain regulation effect on firm financialization and R&D investment .This research shows that research of firm financialization needs to consider the heterogeneity motive, financialization motives of R&D investment have different effect,in general,long-term financialization is dominant in the firm,this phenomenon explains the reason for the existence of a large number of merger and acquisition.
Knowledge flow between regions has gradually become the pillar of allocation of innovative resource in spatial and promotion of national integrative innovation. Using the “flowing” date of the transformation of patent rights between the cities as origins and destinations since 2008, the shortcomings of document analysis in patent citation studies are avoided. Applying a spatial interaction model and extending the sole geographic proximity to multi-proximities which contain technological proximity in overall level and structural category and institutional proximity, the cities individual dummy variables are estimated to describe the regional capacities in China’s major cities. As the empirical result shows, there is a critical point between 1000 to 1500 kilometers in the interactive effects in China’s knowledge flow, and technological proximity is confirmed in 2 aspects. Meantime, the cities with higher regional absorptive capacities spatially appear to cluster to be circles or belts.
This paper firstly analyzed the influence factors of the illegal using behaviors of research funds, and built three-dimensional structure model based on regulation factor, administration factor and personal factor. On this basis, we considered the interrelationship and correlation effect among influence factors, and integrated the Linguistic 2-Tuples model with the DEMATEL approach to process and aggregate the linguistic terms provided by experts, and furthermore categorized and ranked the influence factors of the using behaviors of research funds. It had been found that the awareness of researchers on funds using is the key influence factor in using behaviors of research funds, and is also the mostly easy one to be influenced by other influence factors. The using system of the research funds is the most active influence factor among the regulation factors. Penalty mechanism on illegal use of research funds is the easiest one having effects on other influence factors. Finally, corresponding strategies and suggestions are provided based on the above analysis.
This paper is determined to explore the relationship between knowledge division, knowledge synergy and innovation performance including technical effect and scale effect. Various data sources including R&D inputs and innovation results during 2000-2014 of University, research institutes and enterprises, are used to measure the innovation performance by the method of DEA, to make an empirical study by the model of tobit. It has been found that: (1)knowledge division is positively related to the technical effect, negatively correlated with the scale effect, and exhibit a reverse “U” relationship with the innovation performance;(2) knowledge synergy, technology effect, scale effect and innovation performance are positively correlated;(3) knowledge synergy can enhance the positive marginal contribution of knowledge division to the technology effect, and reduce the negative marginal contribution of knowledge division to the scale effect, which makes the marginal contribution of knowledge division to innovation performance increasing.
Twelve driving factors of the stakeholders’ relationships network of Industry- University-Institute (IUI) project are summed up by carding related literatures. On this basis, using Exploratory Factor Analysis refining three driving dimensions: Attributes Driving, Interactive Driving and Environment Driving to construct dynamical evolution model of the stakeholders’ relationships network of IUI project, and Structural Equation Modeling is applied to verify and amend the model based on questionnaire data. The results show that there are significant and positive effects between three driving dimensions and evolution of the stakeholders’ relationships network of IUI project, in which Interactive Driving has the most important impacts, and Attributes Driving and Environment Driving have positive impacts on Interactive Driving.
The technological knowledge assets and management mechanisms both have important impacts on firm market performance. In this paper, we examine the asymmetric role of management mechanisms in the relationship between technological knowledge assets and firm market performance based on the sample of Chinese listed companies during 2009-2014. The results show that the technological knowledge assets have a significant positive impact on firm market performance. The incentive mechanisms positively moderate the relationship between technological knowledge assets and firm market performance. Furthermore, the moderating effect of CEO payment is stronger than that of CEO shareholding. In the monitoring mechanisms, the percentage of outside blockholders enhances the relationship between technological knowledge assets and firm market performance, while CEO duality weakens the relationship between technological knowledge assets and firm market performance. This research deepens the understanding of the relationships among technological knowledge assets and management mechanisms, and also can help firms to improve their market performance.
Through the depth interview and questionnaire survey, surveying on the farmer cooperatives, local governments and the family farm of Jiangsu province about the current situation of knowledge spillover, and deal with of 482 samples’ data by SPSS20.0 and AMOSS17.0. The results show that knowledge distance and cultural distance between University and countryside have significant negative effects on the absorption ability and knowledge spillover effects, knowledge absorptive capacity of countryside plays an partial intermediary role between distance and knowledge spillover effects. This study provides a theoretical support for revealing the mechanism of knowledge spillover between the University and countryside.
The paper uses the panel threshold regression model to explore the difference of impact of innovation human capital investment on performance under different threshold effects with intellectual property protection intensity of regional innovation system as the threshold variable based on the panel data of China's 23 provinces and cities from 2009 to 2013 year. Empirical study results show that there is significant three threshold effect between innovation human capital investment and the lag two period of patent license quantity, and the influence coefficient of the innovation human capital investment on patent license quantity is 0.483, 0.682, 0.592, when intellectual property protection intensity is in the interval of [0.184, 0.256], [0.256, 0.448] and more than 0.448 respectively. The promotion effect first increase and then decrease. And there is significant three threshold effect between innovation human capital investment and the lag three period of new product sales revenue, and the influence coefficient of the innovation human capital investment on new product sales revenue is 0.503, 0.318, 0.241 when intellectual property protection intensity is in the interval of less than 0.140, [0.140, 0.980], and more than 0.980 respectively. The promotion effect gradually decrease. On the basis of empirical research, put forward the measures to promote the promoting effect of human capital investment to innovation performance from three aspects of the improvement of talent mechanism, improvement of intellectual property protection intensity, and effective transformation of scientific research achievements.
Industry-university collaborative innovation is a kind of innovation activity participated by heterogeneous organizations. How multi-dimensions of proximity between heterogeneous organizations affect industry-university collaborative innovation performance is a question deserve further exploration. Based on the perspective of proximity, uses joint-patent data provided by the State Intellectual Property Office patent retrieval database, adopts the method of negative binomial regression analysis, this study empirically analyzes the impact of multi-dimensional proximity on industry-university collaborative innovation performance, with a specific focus on the effects of institutional proximity and technological proximity, especially concern the interactive effects of geographical proximity and technological proximity. The results show that the promoting effect of institutional proximity is not significant; the effect of technological proximity on industry-university collaborative innovation performance takes an inverted-U shape, and this inverted-U shape relationship is negatively regulated by geographical proximity. Our results also suggest that geographical distance does not negatively affect the performance of industry-university collaborative innovation.
Based on ecostate-ecorole theory, technological innovation capabilities of nodes are quantitatively measured by analyzing “ecostate” of technological niches, and their potential impacts upon network environment are measured from the perspective of their growth by analyzing “ecorole” of technological niches. With the application of social network analysis, the data on joint applications for inventions and patents in mobile communication terminals from 2003 to 2015 are sampled to analyze the structural evolution laws of the mobile communication terminal innovation network in different periods. It is found that original loose and simple networks have gradually evolved into compact and complicated ones. Subsequently, this paper calculates the characteristic values of the structurally evolved networks, constructs regression models to analyze relationships between network structures and “ecostate” and “ecorole” of technological niches. The empirical results suggest that inverted U-shaped relationships exist between degree centrality and “ecostate” of technological niches. The degree centrality, structural holes and tie strength are also discovered to have such relationships with the “ecorole” of technological niches.
