Precision medicine is one of the new types of modern medicine premised on human genome sequencing, guaranteed by the life medical data sharing, and grounded in the global change (and globalization). Its birth and development provide the material basis, lay information foundation and develop reality for maintaining overall human health. The construction of precision medicine ethics should be based on analyzing the organic connections and internal logical relationships between individual health and humankind health, shaping the ethical conception of “a community with a shared healthy future for mankind”, and obeying the ethical principles of protecting privacy, co-building and sharing precision medicine system, jointly shouldering the responsibility and governance. The paths to carry it out are as follows: to formulate ethical norms of precision medicine, to strengthen the ethical training for practitioners in the field of precision medicine, to promote ethical review and supervision of the entire process of precision medicine, and to accelerate the development and implementation of precision medicine laws and regulations. This research made a macro-consideration on the general direction and key issues of the construction of precision medicine ethics.
The dynamic monitoring of the growth stage of emerging technologies is a relatively complicated task. The existing researches start from the perspective of qualitative evaluation, and construct the general method of technology growth monitoring. Relevant results have laid the foundation for more objective quantitative method selection. This paper aims to provide a measurable standardization of emerging technology growth detection technology. Specifically, it includes: (1) Using mathematical models to present the Hype Cycle technology growth curve proposed by Gartner in a quantifiable manner. (2) According to the mathematical characteristics of the Gompertz curve, the division and judgment methods of the technology growth stage are given. (3) The application process of the emerging technology growth monitoring method is given in combination with the situations that may occur in practical applications. (4) The three core technologies of artificial intelligence are selected to conduct an empirical test on the proposed monitoring method, and the matters that should be paid attention to in subsequent applications are presented. It is hoped that our results provide a new way of thinking for the current technology growth monitoring theory and method research.
Under the background of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, local governments have supported the development of strategic emerging industries. However, how to combine industrial policies to play a synergistic role is a complex problem, which has become a strategic problem need to be solve for local governments. Through the grounded theory analysis of Guiyang's big data and Miluo's resources recycling industry, this paper finds that: (1) Policy mix is an organic whole consisting of strategy and instrument. Policy strategy guides the implementation process of policy action and guarantee. (2) Policy strategy includes industry orientation, business route and purpose. There are two forms of “top-down” predetermined strategy and “bottom-up” emergency strategy. (3) There is a “dominant-assisted” synergy relationship between policy actions and guarantees. As a leading activity, policy action is basically carried out around the enterprise value chain, and needs to be supported by policy guarantees such as resources and capabilities. The theoretical contribution of this paper is to construct the "strategic-action-guarantee" theoretical model of policy mixes in China’s regional context, and deepens the internal links between policy instruments.
Technological fusion has become an important trend and the inevitable choice of technology innovation for emerging industries. It is of great significance for emerging industries to accurately grasp the future direction of technological fusion in order to catch innovation opportunities and make innovation decisions. Based on the construction of patent IPC co-occurrence network and the analysis of existing industry’s technological fusion state, comprehensively considering the effects of multi-domain interactions on technological fusion, this paper proposes a direction forecast method by using the Katz index of link prediction. Through the empirical study of China’s electric vehicle industry, it is found that this industry’s technological fusion has transformed from multi-domain fusion in earlier stage into nowadays deeply fusing within specific fields, and presents the future technological fusion towards intelligentization and networking. This study may provide a reference to technology managing, innovation planning and policy-making of emerging industries.
Deep integration development of science and technology finance is of great significance for enhancing the overall scientific and technological innovation capabilities of the region and boosting economic transformation and upgrading. This paper starts from the concept of science and technology finance, constructs that a comprehensive indicator system of science technology and finance with 5 primary indicators, 19 secondary indicators; and an efficiency of science and technology finance indicator system of 5 input indicators and 3 output indicators, based on the 2014-2017 data, measure the development level and efficiency of science and technology finance in Chinese 30 Provinces and autonomous regions. Then, analyse the relationship between development level and efficiency of science and technology finance of Chinese 30 Provinces and autonomous regions, divide China's scientific and technological financial development into "high-high", "high-low", "low-high", "low-low" four types, and discuss the different characteristics of each type. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the four development types respectively, to provide a reference for improving the regional development level of science and technology finance in China.
Based on the latest findings on the R&D capitalization accounting and the reasonable estimation of the current investment of basic input (basic research & applied research) and experimental development, within the framework of SNA (2008), this paper uses BEA approach to estimate the different type R&D capital stock of 31 provinces in China from 2009 to 2016. The results show that 1) the R&D capital stock in each province shows a rapid growth trend, and the capital stock of basic input and experimental development also show upward trends; 2) there are significant differences in the capital stock of basic input and experimental development among east, central, west and northeast regions, and the characteristics of these differences are not similar; 3) the capital stock of basic input and experimental development are basically contributed by the eastern region, but the proportion of the capital stock of experimental development in the central and western regions has increased. The central and western regions have gradually changed the concept of economic development and attached importance to innovation-driven economic growth. This paper attempts to make up for the deficiency of the basic data of R&D capital stock by different type of R&D, which could appropriately supplement and improve the theory and methodology on R&D capitalization accounting.
By examining collaborative invention patent applications from 1985 to 2015, this paper investigated the evolution of China’s inter-regional R&D collaboration patterns which was closely linked with the evolution of China’s S&T system reform. Based on the multidimensional proximities, this paper further identified the influence factors of China’s inter-regional R&D collaboration patterns in different periods, our results provided evidence that, the effect of geographical proximity was varied for different patterns and weakened by periods; the effect of technological proximity was varied in different periods, the most optimal level of technological proximity appeared in inter-regional collaboration between enterprises and academic institutions; the effect of relational proximity measured by the degree of previous collaboration was significantly positive, especially for inter-regional collaboration between enterprises and academic institutions, however, the effect of relational proximity measured by previous collaboration existed or not was varied for different patterns and in different periods; the effect of institutional proximity was significantly positive, especially for inter-regional collaboration between enterprises.
Knowledge spillover is a manifestation of knowledge externality, its negative impact on Industry-University-Research Institute collaborative innovation can not be ignored. However, due to the ambiguity of knowledge spillover and the difficulty of measuring risk, it limits the in-depth application of econometric methods in this field, and should try to study from another perspective. The paper designs the independent variables based on the key influencing factors of knowledge spillover risks and builds a collaborative innovation knowledge spillover risk characterization function based on Cobb-Douglas model. Attempts to verify and analyze the theoretical logic of the minimum value and stability of knowledge spillover risks. The results show: The minimum value of collaborative innovation knowledge spillover risks exists within the controllable scope of the alliance, and decreases with the improvement of core organization knowledge innovation ability and alliance spillover knowledge quality; Under the premise that the risk reaches a minimum value, the possibility of rebound is positively correlated with the severity of environmental changes inside and outside the alliance; In addition, the risk stability has a negative correlation with the informal communication density between organizations and the rationality of organizational structure. Finally, based on the analysis result, constructing management framework of knowledge spillover risks of Industry-University-Research Institute collaboration innovation.
Chinese scientific and technological enterprise are frequently blocked and sanctioned by western countries. How to improve their strategic flexibility to cope with the complex competitive environment has become an important issue in theory and practice. Based on the theory of dynamic capability, this paper empirically examines the relationship between absorptive capacity and strategic flexibility of Chinese scientific and technological SMES. The results show that (1) there is a significant positive correlation between the absorptive capacity and strategic flexibility, and the absorptive capacity can significantly improve the strategic flexibility. (2) Organizational legitimacy positively moderates the relationship between absorptive capacity and strategic flexibility, which means that the positive relationship between absorptive capacity and strategic flexibility will be enhanced in context of higher organizational legitimacy. (3) The innovation atmosphere positively moderates the relationship between absorptive capacity and strategic flexibility. That is to say, under in the context of better organizational innovation atmosphere, absorptive capacity plays a more significant role in enhancing strategic flexibility. The conclusion of this paper has important managerial implication for Chinese scientific and technological enterprises to cope with the complex and changeable competitive environment.
The importance of entrepreneurial failure recovery has attracted more and more attention by the academic community and the industry, However, the research on the definition, dimension and measurement of entrepreneurial failure recovery is still in its infancy. This research is based on the existing theory of entrepreneurial failure recovery, using exploratory case study method, taking Wang Xing's six business experiences as the research object, deeply exploring the process mechanism of entrepreneurial failure recovery, uses the grounded theory and NVivo 10 software to code the data, extracts the main characteristics of entrepreneurial failure recovery, explores and verifies its structural dimension, and develops the corresponding measurement scale. The research finds that entrepreneurial failure recovery can be divided into three dimensions: cognitive recovery, emotional recovery and action recovery. Through a large-scale questionnaire survey, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis results, The measurement scale has high reliability and validity, which better reflects the definition of entrepreneurial failure recovery and makes up the gap of existing theory. This study provides a reference for subsequent research.
Mainstream research suggest that patent abandonment is a “passive” failure of technology investment caused by the low patent quality. While in practice, firms sometimes rationally abandon patents as a result of “actively” pruning their patent portfolios. The contradiction between the two is due to that researcher’s perspective is limited to individual patent quality, while firms focus on the patent portfolio and long-term strategic goals. This study attempts to anchor on the strategy of the enterprises, draw on the real option theory, and analyze the impact of the uncertainty of the internal and external environment on the patent abandonment behavior, revealing the option logic implied by the enterprise when disposing of the patent. The empirical analysis of panel data of 2,380 A-share listed companies in 1992-2017 shows that exogenous uncertainty and endogenous uncertainty will inhibit the company’s patent abandonment behavior. Further, the study finds that when the company’s patent portfolio is more diversified, the negative effect of uncertainty on patent abandonment is stronger, indicating that the diversified patent portfolio is more valuable when addressing uncertainty. These findings complement the traditional research in which patent maintenance depends on the quality of patents, suggesting that patents are a kind of real option assets, patent decisions are simultaneously affected by the environment and the patent portfolio characteristics.
As technological innovation gradually moves toward systematization and ecologicalization, enterprises need to jump out of one-way competition or cooperative thinking, and attach importance to collaborative innovation with external organizations. Based on the context of the innovation ecosystem, this study explores how different positions (enterprise niche) of an enterprise in an ecosystem affects the cooperation between an enterprise and an external organization, and then contribute to the performance of technological collaborative innovation. The results show that: (1) The niche width and situation of the enterprise have a significant positive effect on the collaborative innovation performance, and the overlap has a significant negative impact on performance ; (2) the technology collaborative innovation model (technology deal and technology alliance) plays partial mediating roles in the two relationships between enterprise niche and collaborative innovation performance; (3) formal and informal communication matching has different moderating effects in the relationship between different dimensions of enterprise niche and collaborative innovation performance.
Research on long-term and short-term dynamic interaction among government subsidies, innovation quantity and innovation quality, based on the panel data of listed private manufacturing enterprises in China with PVAR model, so as to reveal the incentive effect and allocation rationality of government innovation subsidies for private manufacturing enterprises in China. The results show that the government subsidies can promote the innovation quantity and quality in the lag period of 1-4years, and the promotion effect on the innovation quantity is more significant, indicating that the subsidies continue to stimulate the progress of enterprises’ innovation "quantity" and "quality", but there is short-sighted innovation behavior of "valuing quantity over quality" in enterprises. In turn, the quantity and quality of innovation also promote the subsequent investment intensity of government subsidies in the lag period of 2-4 years and 1-4 years respectively, and the promotion effect of innovation quality is faster and more significant, indicating that the government pays more attention to the feedback of innovation quality. Further research shows that market competition positively affects the interactive relationship between government subsidies and technological innovation of enterprises, and optimizes the two-way feedback chain of "subsidy input——technological innovation output——subsequent subsidy input", indicating that market competition promotes the efficient use and rational allocation of government subsidies. The research conclusion of this paper can provide reference for the top-level design of government subsidy policy and the technological innovation decision-making of private manufacturing enterprises.
Under the background of global competition, the way for local brand manufacturers to catch up with innovation has become difficult. More and more local brand manufacturers begin to seek new development tracks, trying to reconstruct their competitive advantages and achieve leapfrog development by "changing lanes and overtaking". Based on the typical case of two chip manufacturers, this paper makes an in-depth discussion on how local brand manufacturers can achieve innovation catching-up through continuous "lane-changing". It is found that the realization of the innovation catch-up goal of local brand manufacturers not only requires the "technological change" and "market change" to go hand in hand, but also many "change" links such as cross-border exploration, frontier technology breakthrough and business ecological reconstruction. The study also found that market environment, technological characteristics, institutional supply, as well as strategic response, resource integration, value reconstruction , are important factors driving local brand manufacturers to "changing lanes and overtaking". The findings provide an important reference for the theory application practice of local brand manufacturers and the supply of government system.
It is of great practical significance for the latecomers to accelerate the technology progress and realize the technology catch-up by identifying the key elements of technology change and the influence on the transformation of innovation ability. Based on the theoretical hypothesis that the leading elements determine the innovation ability and then affect the innovation performance, this paper constructed the theoretical model of the evolutionary relationship among the innovation element, innovation ability sequence and innovation performance. And then, taken the innovation activities of BYD's traditional fuel cars and new energy vehicles, and the changes of the technology trajectory as the study case, abstracted the innovation elements and innovation capability sequence which could promote the technology progress and finally achieve technology leap in different innovation stages, and constructed the theoretical model among mainstream and new stream innovation elements, innovation capability sequence and innovation performance evolution. Finally, from the perspective of characteristic innovation elements, transformation of collaborative innovation model and transformation of innovation ability, the dynamic mechanism of promoting technology leapfrogging from mainstream to new stream was expounded. This research has reference significance for enterprises to optimize the combination of innovation elements so as to achieve technology catch-up.
