In recent years the proliferation ‘experimental forms of participation’have attracted wide interest of researches in Science and Technology studies (STS). At present, the ideas and settings of experiments represent broad implementation for more integrated system of science-society interaction which endeavor to promote community engagement governance in public affairs and daily lives, whether it is in the form of sociological study which is derived from social experiment in psychological studies, in the business-led outlets, such as ‘User experience Research’, or in the government-encouraged experiments in behavioral change, such as new artificial inteligence social application in daily lives. In retrospect, experimentation as a key theme occupied the central place in the emergence of STS as an original field of research and scholarship. Both these studies on history of experiments and modern experimental cultures show the special affordance for production of scientific knowledge as well as for new kinds of audiences, such as scholars in other disciplines, policy makers and publics in the process of experimental demonstration. Yet as experiments are explicitly designed and defined as a privileged format of involvements in social activity，a question emerges subsequently：can the proliferation of experimental formats also manifest special affordances for public participation in science, or does it enable the enrolment of social actors by material and ethical means.
In last few years, Noortje Marres and Javier Lezaun started to describe experiments as a method to pursue a comprehensive approach with demonstrating and democratizing both knowledge production and political participation in practice. Their understandings of experiments correspond to the interest in matters of ‘ontology’ in STS, such as ‘ontology in medical practice’ which is developed from Actor-Network Theory (ANT) by Annemarie Mol and John Law. However, besides the affordances of experiments for the accumulation of social-material relations in translation process which is associated with ANT, the renewed understandings of experiments also refer to a distinctive mode of engagement through material actions in practice. The new studies of experiments are fulfilled by some new methodological instruments like ‘living experiments’ and ’material participation’ to enact and reconfigure the form of knowledge production as well as of political engagement. Alongside confronting the intrinsic dilemma of dealing with democratic process, representation, consensus in public engagement with science (PES) models, it offers the crucial methodological and analytical sensitivities that underpin the STS`s ‘turn to ontology’ approach by proposing an experimental conception of ontology.
To what extent can we speak of ‘turn to ontology’ in STS, work in ontological politics (Mol and Law), and especially in ANT, has conclusively proposed the question of ‘what the world is made up of’ must be studied empirically. It compels the shift in STS from epistemology to ontology by developing an empirical ontology. By contrast, experimental ontology argues that transformations in the composition of the world should be studied in the sense of efforts to purposefully facilitate moral and political capacities within material objects and settings. Although experimental ontology can productively advance understanding of key dynamics in how public action in daily living unfolds, both its similarity to and difference from empirical ontology render its` ontology issues indistinguishablly.
This paper focuses on the perplexing description in experimental conception of ontology. We attempt to explore some of the sometimes different, sometimes overlapping ways in which Gilles Deleuze and Bruno Latour access to ethical issues separately and argue that their different understandings of the ontological basis to ethical issues could bring out a crucial dstinction between experimental and empirical ontology. By featuring ‘becoming throughout encounters’ as an ontological foundation, experimental ontology makes possible its metaphysical stance.
In last few years, Noortje Marres and Javier Lezaun started to describe experiments as a method to pursue a comprehensive approach with demonstrating and democratizing both knowledge production and political participation in practice. Their understandings of experiments correspond to the interest in matters of ‘ontology’ in STS, such as ‘ontology in medical practice’ which is developed from Actor-Network Theory (ANT) by Annemarie Mol and John Law. However, besides the affordances of experiments for the accumulation of social-material relations in translation process which is associated with ANT, the renewed understandings of experiments also refer to a distinctive mode of engagement through material actions in practice. The new studies of experiments are fulfilled by some new methodological instruments like ‘living experiments’ and ’material participation’ to enact and reconfigure the form of knowledge production as well as of political engagement. Alongside confronting the intrinsic dilemma of dealing with democratic process, representation, consensus in public engagement with science (PES) models, it offers the crucial methodological and analytical sensitivities that underpin the STS`s ‘turn to ontology’ approach by proposing an experimental conception of ontology.
To what extent can we speak of ‘turn to ontology’ in STS, work in ontological politics (Mol and Law), and especially in ANT, has conclusively proposed the question of ‘what the world is made up of’ must be studied empirically. It compels the shift in STS from epistemology to ontology by developing an empirical ontology. By contrast, experimental ontology argues that transformations in the composition of the world should be studied in the sense of efforts to purposefully facilitate moral and political capacities within material objects and settings. Although experimental ontology can productively advance understanding of key dynamics in how public action in daily living unfolds, both its similarity to and difference from empirical ontology render its` ontology issues indistinguishablly.
This paper focuses on the perplexing description in experimental conception of ontology. We attempt to explore some of the sometimes different, sometimes overlapping ways in which Gilles Deleuze and Bruno Latour access to ethical issues separately and argue that their different understandings of the ontological basis to ethical issues could bring out a crucial dstinction between experimental and empirical ontology. By featuring ‘becoming throughout encounters’ as an ontological foundation, experimental ontology makes possible its metaphysical establishment.
As an outstanding scholar with great influence in the field of science, Liu Zeyuan has been committed to research of science of science for many years and has played an important role in participating in major national scientific and technological projects. Mr. Liu has made great contributions to the development and innovation of Chinese science of science. He also has his own unique and profound views on the research of science of science, and has made pioneering achievements in many directions, such as philosophy of technology, ethics of science and technology, scientometrics, and innovation management. In order to remember and commemorate Mr. Liu, this paper reviews his outstanding achievements in the field of science of science, summarizes the academic achievements of him and his team in the field of science of science, and sorts out and summarizes his academic contributions. This paper also makes a brief analysis of Mr. Liu's academic papers published in the past 40 years from the perspective of time, and discusses the evolution and changes of his academic thoughts of science of science based on the theme of his academic papers and his research directions in various periods. With this theme, we hope that the scientific community can develop more scientific theories, enrich research methods, expand the application fields of science of science, and write a new chapter for the cause of science of science.
Social science and technology awards occupies a significant position in the S&T award system. Our early studies have shown that social S&T awards with higher reputation and wider influence are mostly established in developed countries. Therefore, as a comparative study of government S&T award system, we focus on the social S&T award system in developed countries. First of all, we select a total of 27 representative social S&T awards from 5 major developed countries, and we analyze the main characteristics from the following research dimensions: field-oriented, reward form, assessment criteria, and selection process. Then, the above analysis shows that the historical accumulation and influence of social S&T awards coexist in the major developed countries, but there are differences. Finally, on the basis of an overview of the development of Chinese social S&T awards, we try to put forward several enlightenment and suggestions on how to improve the social S&T award system in China by reasonably drawing on the advantages in developed countries, and combining with China's national conditions and reality.
This paper analyzes the relationship between regional factor flow, industrial structure change and the regional economic divergence from two aspects of theoretical model analysis, and simulation based on Chinese actual data. The theoretical model of two regions and three sectors constructed in this paper reveals that the reason for the evolution of the regional economic divergence lies in the adjustment of regional industrial structure, while the root of the adjustment of regional industrial structure lies in the interdependence in the process of capital flowing and heterogeneous labor migration. The theoretical model and analysis process proposed in this paper can be used to explore the economic structure characteristics of any economy in any period. Applying this theory and method to China's practice, the simulation results show that the adjustment of industrial structure characterized by modern technology has resulted in the expansion of the economic divergence between regions in China, while the demand of production factors caused by different industrial structures leads to factor flowing continuously，and has further resulted in the imbalance of the development of industrial structure among regions, thus forming a positive feedback mechanism, which is referred as "factor chasing technology" Phenomenon. Besides, in the context of factor flowing, the coordinated development among industries is the key to determine the sustainable growth of the regional economy. The development of the high-tech industry needs the corresponding scale support of traditional service industry. At the same time, the development of the traditional service industry forms a feedback mechanism for the the high-tech industry. Therefore, only by strengthening the introduction of technological resources, making up for the technological differences between regions, and guiding the coordinated layout and development of industries and services between regions, it can effectively reduce the economic divergence between regions.
This paper analyzes the mechanism black-box of element agglomeration effect on the performance of high and new technology industry based on the development of economy and high quality, building a threshold effect model, collecting 2004-2018 China's 30 provinces, municipalities directly unde related data r the central government, autonomous region, the element agglomeration of high-tech industry, high quality and economic development, and innovation performance, measure and compare the different factor accumulation effect size. Using Arcgis software to carry out spatial visualization analysis. The results show that :(1) there is a positive marginal decreasing effect of factor agglomeration on the performance of high-tech industry. (2) Compared with R&D personnel, the agglomeration effect of R&D funds is greater. (3) The level of high-quality economic development positively regulates the improvement effect of innovation factor agglomeration on the performance of high-tech industry, and its regulating effect is increasing marginal. (4) Innovation factor agglomeration and high-quality economic development and high-level areas are mainly developed in the eastern coastal areas; There are many regions with low degree of research and development fund concentration. Based on this, the paper puts forward some suggestions to improve the performance of high-tech industry effectively.
Mode innovation plays a critical role in the process of innovation. Regarding the scientific data sharing mechanism, the mode innovation gets attention in China increasingly. The sharing of scientific data has tight relationship with its property relations and commodity attributes, which have decided who will be included in or excluded from sharing and using the scientific data. Accordingly, a balanced and proper mechanism of stakeholders is crucial to run the data sharing. At present, the scientific data sharing is mainly ‘government-orientated’ or ‘government-market orientated’. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and have created tremendous profits in different ways. Besides, the mode of Third-party providing the data sharing service, oriented by the market, is getting more popular recently. A data sharing platform, set up by Zhongguancun Nephrology & Blood Purification Innovation Alliance in Beijing, is an example for summarizing and analyzing the mode of scientific data sharing and operation mechanism by the Third-party providing the data sharing service. This mode has its specialty in organizing the interested participants, establishing the platform, running the operation system and balancing the interests of different stakeholders in the process of scientific data sharing. Here are some lessons could be drawn from the study on the mode of scientific data sharing undertook by the industry and technology alliance, or the Third-party providing data sharing service. First of all, the content of the shared scientific data is more pertinent and targeted, which is totally oriented by the market and the interested participants. Secondly, the framework and operating system of scientific data sharing is established by more professional staffs and experts from one industry. By this arrangement, the mode has connected participants from different regions, departments and organizations, through the whole industrial chain. Thirdly, this mode concerns more about the balance of stakeholders’ interests and the protection of the intellectual property, in order to utilize the data more efficiently and effectively in a proper way. Finally, this mode emphases the standard and quality of the data and the collection process, which assure the stakeholders and users accurate and truthful data. This kind of mode can become reference for the mode innovation of operation mechanism of scientific data sharing in China in future, with its special development and practical experience discussed above. A proper mode of scientific data should start from the real demands of stakeholders in the market and industry. In this mode, stakeholders’ rights, duties and profits should be well-designed and arranged. Furthermore, a normalized, standardized and qualified scientific data will satisfy the users and their works more. These aspects above will guarantee a constant and sustainable development of data sharing.
The research is based on evolutionary economic geography, and analyzes the theoretical mechanism of the relationship between technological innovation in central cities and the industrial structure and division of labor in urban agglomerations from the three dimensions of micro-enterprises, meso-level industries, and macro-regions. On this basis, the study examines the U-shaped relationship between technological innovation in central cities and the advanced industrial structure of urban agglomerations through a nonlinear fixed effect model, and further innovatively uses historical dimension instrumental variables (quantified data from Chinese historical officials, data from ancient Chinese city walls) ) Carry out the endogenous test and identification of the technological innovation of the central city, and then use the threshold effect and the intermediary effect model to explore the structural change points of the technological innovation of the central city and the influence mechanism of the industrial division of labor. The study found: First, the technological innovation of central cities presents a U-shaped effect on the advancement of the industrial structure of urban agglomerations. When the number of patent applications for technological innovation in central cities exceeds 14,555, it will play a positive role in the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure of urban agglomerations. Second, the technological innovation of the central city promotes the specialization and related diversification of the industrial layout of the urban agglomeration, and inhibits the irrelevant diversification of the industry. The technological innovation capital and labor resources of the central city take the technological innovation capital and labor resources as the main path to promote the division of labor in the industrial layout.
Actively expanding imports is a major change in China's foreign trade policy in the new period. Based on the H-K ternary marginal method, this paper estimated the extensive margin, price margin, and quantity margin of China's high-tech product import growth to 58 major trading partners from 2001 to 2018. Based on this, a feasible "input-output" mechanism of import growth was constructed and the three-stage DEA method was adopted to measure the efficiency of China's high-tech product import growth. Finally, we examined the internal factors that affect the technical efficiency of China's high-tech product import growth from the perspective of institutional distance. The findings are as follows: (1) The growth of China's high-tech product imports mainly depends on the variety growth. The main problem China's high-tech product imports facing is "high price and low volume". The growth of China's high-tech product imports has significant inter-country heterogeneity, and the polarization of its import growth expansion and price margins cannot be ignored. (2) The efficiency level of China's high-tech product import growth is relatively high. Scale efficiency growth is the main reason for the growth of China's high-tech product import technology efficiency. Pure technical efficiency is more susceptible to environmental factors than scale efficiency. (3) Both economic institutional distance and political institutional distance have significantly affected the technical efficiency of China's high-tech product import growth. The Chinese government needs to attach great importance to the construction of the national system and governance system.
Academic entrepreneurship has a very important impact on the country’s technological progress, the improvement of innovation capability and regional economic development. University or research institute spin-offs are one of the important forms of academic entrepreneurship and the key way to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Related research has been a hot topic in recent years and received attentions from academics and industries. Based on the panel data of 358 spin-off firms from 2008-2017 of the institutes in Chinese Academy of Sciences, this article uses fixed-effect model and explores the mechanism of how shareholder diversity of spin-off enterprises affect spin-offs’ performance from the perspective of knowledge-based view and agency theory. The results found that the shareholder diversity of spin-offs has a significant role in promoting spin-offs’ patent output and financial performance. R&D investment plays a mediating role between shareholder diversity and firm performance. When the shareholder diversity is higher, spin-offs tends to have higher R&D investment and performance.
Abstract: Under the background of transformation, the late-comers are faced with both technology and market disadvantages. How to use external knowledge and resources to achieve the catch-up goal of technology and market has attracted much attention. This study integrates the theories of innovation search, catching-up and organizational legitimacy, constructs the impact model of parallel search on synergistic catching-up of late-comers, and conducts empirical analysis with 212 samples. The results show that both leading search and following search have inverted U-shaped effect on synergistic catching-up (SCU). External legitimacy has a positively moderating effect on the relationship between leading search and SCU, but negatively moderates the relationship between following search and SCU. The moderating effects of internal legitimacy are also opposite. Furthermore, the integration of internal and external legitimacy has a positive effect on parallel search and SCU. This study not only enriches the relationship between parallel search and SCU, but has practical significance for Chinese late-comers to achieve innovation leap.
Industry-university integration is a win-win model of cooperation between universities and enterprises, and it is a booster for the economic development of enterprises and regions. The article takes 111 "211" universities and colleges jointly built by the province and ministry from 2007 to 2017 as the research object. Research shows that government-biased scientific research funding can help industry-university integration. Competitive funding has a significant positive role in promoting industry-university integration, especially "985" colleges and universities, "double first-class" construction universities, and universities located in the eastern region have a greater positive role in promoting; non-competitive funding has a significant inhibitory effect on industry-university integration. The analysis of the mechanism of action shows that on the one hand, competitive funding promotes industry-university integration through its direct signaling effects, and on the other hand indirectly promotes industry-university integration through publicly published academic papers; non-competitive funding does not have a significant effect on university research output. Based on this, the article puts forward corresponding policy recommendations.
Existing researches on knowledge sharing and new product development performance at team level ignore the role of proactive personality of members.In order to enrich research ideas and cognition, this paper, based on trait activation theory and resource conservation theory, creatively introduces proactive personality as the intermediate variable between knowledge sharing and new product development performance, and takes knowledge heterogeneity as the moderator variable.Through the empirical research on the questionnaire data of the R&D teams of Shanghai automotive group, Shanghai electric group and baowu group, the results show that :(1) Knowledge sharing has a significant positive impact on the performance of new product development and positively promotes proactive personality;(2) Proactive personality has a positive impact on the performance of new product development and plays a mediating role in the path of knowledge sharing and new product development performance;(3)Knowledge heterogeneity has a positive moderating effect in the relationship between proactive personality and new product development performance.
Knowledge commercialization of university in China has long plagued the field of science and technology and innovation. The newly revised ‘Bayh-Dole Acts ’of China decentralized disposition of commercialization profit to universities to incentive innovation，how universities respond to that is related to the incentive effect of the policy. Using policy text bibliometrics and interview investigation approaches, based on the 113 pieces of policy texts proposed by universities, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the university's policy response to the Chinese version of ‘Bayh-Dole Acts ’ ;The result shows that ,the policy response characteristics are heterogeneous，compared with high-level universities represented by " 985" and " 211" projects, China's local universities are more " positive" in their response to the new ‘Bayh-Dole Acts’， and have higher willingness to looking for technology transfer. Further, this paper put forward the logical basis of incentive policies for the knowledge transfer in Chinese universities. response under the pressure from the " top - down" political-bureaucracy system, and the intrinsic motivation generated based on the mission orientation and self-characteristics of universities, together lead to the heterogeneous characteristics of incentive policies of Chinese universities in response to the newly revised ‘Bayh-Dole Acts’. the inherent autonomy of universities should be highly considered in the knowledge commercialization incentives, and give more attention to the role of local universities in technology diffusion and technology application.
Previous research lacks attention to the mechanism which the rhythm of firm internationalization affects innovation strategy. From the perspective of time compression diseconomies of absorptive capacity and Cross-Border knowledge transfer, we investigate the intrinsic mechanisms of how the rhythm of firm internationalization affects innovation investment and innovation output, and the moderating role of the organizational slack, industry competition and ownership in this study. Hypotheses are tested through the Chinese manufacturing companies listed from 2010 to 2018. The findings have shown that there is a significantly positive relationship between an irregular and incoherent internationalization rhythm and innovation investment but a negative relationship with innovation output. Furthermore, organizational slack and industry competition strengthen the positive influence of internationalization rhythm on innovation investment, and organizational slack weakens the negative influence of internationalization rhythm on innovation output, and compared to non-state-owned enterprises, the positive impact of internationalization rhythm on innovation investment will be alleviated and the negative impact of internationalization rhythm on innovation output will be enhanced in state-owned enterprises.
Nowadays, innovation is increasingly seen as the main driving force of economy. The industrial structure for employment structure changes significantly the formation of reconstruction in the process, pouring industrial labor services into the workforce as one of the main facts of employment structure changes characteristics. Similar to Lewis' dual economy, this paper tentatively calls the economic phenomenon new dual economy. Through practical considerations and the construction of the theoretical framework, it is found that the infinite labor supply hypothesis the service industry faces stand. It could be divided into core driven innovation, basal driven innovation, auxiliary driven innovation, which is used to explain the innovation’s driven progress of the new dual economic in detail. Then, the economy structure reconstruction effect of new dual economy is parsed, and summed up as condensed development of industry, expansionary development for the service industry, and the integrated development of agriculture. The new dual economic theory proposed in this paper is a beneficial discussion on the evolution of economic structure under the innovation-driven background of the fourth industrial revolution, and has some enlightenment for further understanding of the future industrial development.
From the perspective of institution and legitimacy, exploring the dynamic interaction of the medium and micro levels, and explores how the institutional environment promotes and constrains the interaction of innovation actors which eventually builds the consensus space of triple helix system. Taking the construction process of a big science project in China as the research object, using a mixed qualitative research method of case study and grounded theory to analyze data. Finding that institution, as the environmental factor of innovation Triple Helix system, is an important dynamic factor in the construction of consensus space; individuals’ legitimacy propriety and the organizational legitimacy validity of institutions form legitimacy pressure/support, leading to legitimacy spillover/loss, which influence the construction of the consensus space by extending the consensus or dissent space boundary.
Under the current background of new infrastructure construction, based on the panel data of 283 prefecture level and above cities in China from 2009 to 2017, this paper uses the "gradual" difference in differences model to empirically test the impact of "broadband China" demonstration city construction on innovation capacity. It is found that the construction of "broadband China" demonstration city has significantly improved the city's innovation ability. After parallel trend test, placebo test, PSM-DID method estimation and other robustness tests, the research conclusion is still stable. The results of mechanism test show that the construction of "broadband China" model city can significantly improve the level of urban Internet development, and then drive the improvement of urban innovation capacity. Further research shows that the impact of "broadband China" demonstration city construction on urban innovation capacity is heterogeneous, and the innovation effect is more significant in eastern cities, higher level cities, large-scale cities and cities with higher Internet development level. This study provides a reference for China to further implement the policy of "broadband China" demonstration city construction, improve national independent innovation capacity and accelerate the construction of an innovative country.
Energy depletion and environmental problems are two major constraints that seriously hindering the future development of automobile industry. In order to realize the sustainable development of automobile industry, development of new energy vehicles has gradually become a global consensus. As an international leading enterprise in the current new energy automobile industry, Tesla has an absolute competitive advantage in the global market. Based on product architecture theory, this article analyzes the formation mechanism of Tesla's competitive advantage. Research finds that architectural innovation is the main source of Tesla's competitive advantage: 1) Tesla successfully breaks market barriers and enters the new energy vehicle market by creatively choosing open modular product architecture. 2) Transformation from open module architecture to closed module architecture is an important measure for Tesla to implement product differentiation strategy and improve its product market influence. 3) Technological innovation and architectural innovation are not independent from each other. The promotion of architectural innovation by Tesla through core technologies is the source of competitive advantage behind Tesla products. 4) Long-term cooperation between Tesla and Panasonic is not only the main driving force for Tesla's architecture innovation, but also a factor that cannot be ignored to continuously improve the ability of "inter-enterprise problem solving" through the close cooperation of both sides, thus rapidly improving Tesla's international competitiveness.
