[Purpose / significance] This paper is written to address the reproducibility crisis and improve the truth of scientific research. [Method / process] First the definition of reproducibility is introduced. And then selective reporting of results is analyzed to be the main incentive, including HARKing, cognitive biases and p-hacking. Following it, the TOP guidelines for promoting transparency and open science are presented in detail. [Results / conclusion] On the basis of the TOP guidelines, four practices are deeply discussed. They are registered reports , open science, preprints and TOP factor. These practices are significantly effective and should be for wider adoption, evaluation and improvement.
The overlapping development of life sciences and information sciences has promoted the arrival of biological big data era. As one of the fast-growing big data types, biological big data has been profoundly affecting biomedicine and promoting the popularization and application of "precision medicine". However, biological information data cannot exist independently of the basic facility of Biobank. Nowadays, it has been transitioned from the development stage of the traditional Biobank to the development stage of the modern Biobank, and has been changed from focusing on "biological samples" to focusing on "biological data". As an important guarantee for the advancement of medical technology and the prevention and control of public diseases, the Biobank will surely be further deepened and expanded. At this time, the protection of human genetic information will become more prominent. Moreover, the Biobank that stores human genetic information is very special, because human genetic information reveals the most sensitive and deepest personal information of a person, which is closely related to the life characteristics of the individual.
On the other hand, the Biobank storing human genetic information has brought huge ethical dilemmas to human society. For example, it is obviously irresponsible to carry out large-scale genetic information collection activities without identifying the social, legal, and ethical issues involved. Especially in the current background of biological big data, the acquisition of individual biological specimens and DNA will to a certain extent mean the leakage and disclosure of their sensitive information. Therefore, it is necessary and obliged to take precise and effective measures to protect the safety of the genetic information of subjects during the construction of the biological sample library, and to avoid potential genetic discrimination or other adverse events. In other words, the law requires multiple considerations and special protection of human genetic information.
Human genetic information presents the typical "dividual" characteristics. If the human genetic information cannot be strictly protected, it will trigger genetic discrimination in the social field, ethnic groups will fall into the stigmatization quagmire, and a huge "gene gap" will be formed between countries. Besides, if the human genetic information cannot be strictly protected, it will inevitably cause a shake of the person's subjective status. Therefore, the article introduces the theoretical concept of "dividual" to reveal the essential characteristics of human genetic information; on this basis, further explores the theoretical significance of protecting human genetic information, and examine the risks and hazards caused by the unreasonable disclosure of human genetic information from the perspectives of individuals, groups and countries. Finally, an effective response plan was proposed, including improving relevant governance mechanisms, continuously accelerating the improvement of relevant legislation, expressly prohibiting illegal genetic testing, fully guaranteeing the authenticity of informed consent, accurately defining the scope of subjects, and constructing a reasonable withdrawal mechanism. Through these measures, the goal of the benign operation of the Biobank and enhancement of the welfare of our people will be achieved. In summary, based on the irreversibility of the consequences of human genetic information infringement, how to construct a protection system that can not only promote the rapid development of biomedical research, but also effectively protect the rights of citizens is still a problem that we need to continue to think about.
The withdrawal and rejoin of the United States from the Paris Agreement shows that Irrational social factors are hindering the self-discipline development of Earth Science. The Earth Science field centered by scientists can effectively resolve the external interference. In the process of Earth Science development, more and more scientific factors are involved, the field structure is gradually expanded, and the force relationship is becoming more complex, which enlarges the heteronomy influence of social factors. Liu Dongsheng's scientific practice indicate that Scientific spirit, scientific habits, scientific capital and social production, national system, internationalization process can form a positive operation mechanism of Earth Science field, The connotation and social function of Earth Science are increasing, maintaining its self-discipline can help us to accurately understand the evolution law of the earth system, promoting new cognition of human-land coupling relationship, and provide scientific basis for the realization of the national strategy of carbon neutrality and the construction of ecological civilization.
Technology transfer is the basis of new products even new industries. It is a critical mechanism of economic growth. How to optimize the policy of technology transfer so as to promote regional technology transfer is an important issue. In view of the divergence in policy systems among different levels of government networks and in regional technological resources in China, this paper examines the configuration effects of policy supply, policy coordination, technology source, organization strength, and self consistency on the effectiveness of technology transfer, as well as the influence of different configurations on it with the data of 160 transfer agents out of four areas as Hubei, Guangdong, Shanghai, Zhejiang, from the perspective of integrative framework. CFA and fsQCA method were applied，and regional technological resources and organizational context were considered. Result shows that: (1) Single conditional element of technology commercialization do not contribute to the necessary conditions for the high efficiency, but policy coordination plays a key role in the producing of high efficiency; (2) None of the resources-based, organizational-based or system-based theoretical perspectives can fully explain the transfer outcome, only a combination of different perspectives can provide a reasonable explanation; (3) Three types of technology commercialization conditions may lead to high efficiency, including the Policy-Supply-Based Agent Capable Model, the Policy-Coordinate-Based Technology Resource Model, and the Policy-Coordinate-Based Self Consistency Model. Different condition combinations represent the multiple ways to realize the high effeciency of technology commercialization. Four kinds of transfer conditions which might lead to low efficiency are also discussed, which all indicates missing of policy condition elements. From the integrative configuration perspective, this paper explores the impact of policy supply and policy coordination on the effectiveness of technology transfer under specific background of resources and organizations. The research findings have important theoretical and practical significance for revealing the implementation path of policy conditions for high efficiency of technology transfer in China.
Abstract: With the increasingly prominent role of innovation, the construction of a vibrant innovation ecosystem has gradually risen to a strategic issue. As an important carrier of information and knowledge, scientific and technological talents play a vital role in the development of the innovation ecosystem. Based on China's inter-provincial panel data, in the context of innovative ecology, the impact of the ability of regional residents to buy houses on the accumulation of scientific and technological talents is discussed. The results show that: (1) There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the ability of regional residents to buy houses and the accumulation of scientific and technological talents, and only Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Guizhou, Shanxi, Hunan and other places have long been on the right side of the turning point. (2) Compared with housing prices, the regional wage level is a key factor that positively drives the accumulation of scientific and technological talents in the ability to buy houses. (3) The level of coupling and coordinated development of the various subsystems of the innovation ecosystem is the threshold variable that divides the "absorption" effect produced by the improvement of house purchase ability. After crossing the threshold of innovation ecological coupling, increasing the income level of residents will help promote the increase in the concentration of regional scientific and technological talents (4) With the improvement of the regional innovation ecological level, the ability to purchase houses will have an impact on the gathering of scientific and technological talents in high-tech industries and industrial enterprises There are differences. The former presents a continuous increase trend, while the latter, after crossing the second threshold, the promotion effect has a certain decline.
At present, China's urbanization process is at an important stage from "scale expansion" to "quality improvement". Using panel data from 31 provinces in China from 2004 to 2019, a PVAR model covering the advancement of human capital, the agglomeration of high-tech industries, and the improvement of urbanization quality was constructed, and the dynamic interaction between the three was empirically analyzed. The results show that the lagging stage of human capital advancement has an impact coefficient of 0.198 at the 10% significance level. The advancement of human capital advancement mainly relies on its own inertia, and the agglomeration of high-tech industries has the least impact on it. The improvement of the quality of urbanization is an important factor in promoting advancement of human capital. The advancement of human capital and the agglomeration of high-tech industries are Granger causality, and the advancement of human capital and the improvement of the quality of urbanization both have a positive effect on the agglomeration of high-tech industries. The advancement of human capital is conducive to improving the quality of urbanization, but the long-term effects need to be strengthened. The role of the agglomeration of high-tech industries in promoting the improvement of urbanization quality needs to be strengthened.
[Purpose/Significance] In the context of the new economic normal, the development of my country's new energy industry has gradually changed from factor-driven and investment-driven to innovation-driven. Fuel cell is a core component of the new energy industry, and cultivating and evaluating its high-value patents is of great significance for my country to break through foreign "technology lock-in" and to realize technological innovation to drive the development of the new energy industry. [Methods/Process] Based on the INNOJOY patent database, the fuel cell invention patents and invention authorized patents applied for in China were selected as the research objects. Through the deep integration of technology-market-law three-dimensional perspectives, a technology-market-law integration was constructed. It uses the coefficient of variation method and the Delphi method to empower the fuel cell invention patents and invention authorized patents, introduces the Cox proportional risk regression model, and explores the three levels of technical value, market value, and legal value. The patent value from the perspective of technology lock-in is used to comprehensively cultivate and evaluate high-value fuel cell patented technologies. [Results/Conclusions] The results show that: (1) Technology locking has a significant inhibitory effect on patent value, that is, the higher the degree of patent technology locking, the lower its patent value; (2) The number of citations, the number of citations, and the number of the same family all contribute significantly to the promotion of patent value, and the number of the same family has the strongest promotion effect on the patent value, the number of citations has a weaker promotion effect, and the number of citations has the weakest promotion effect. The number of claims has a significant inhibitory effect on the value of patents. This is because some key technologies may be changed or innovated again before obtaining a license, which has a certain weakening effect on their legal value. Due to the large number of IPC categories used, the division of patent fields is not refined enough, resulting in that the number of IPC categories does not have a significant effect on the value of patents. High technical complexity, good market prospects and efficient legal approval process will directly increase the value of patents. China should open up and expand the technological innovation situation with fuel cell core technology as its demand, fully match the Chinese market dividend with foreign advanced technology and resources, and form a complete industrial chain that first introduces and absorbs and then innovates and produces. Improve the policy system for the coordinated development of fuel cell core technologies and common technologies, accelerate the application of patent value while advancing the development of fuel cell industrialization, and break through the dilemma of foreign technology lock-in. Improve the regulatory mechanism for fuel cell technology innovation, simplify technology approval procedures, shorten the approval time for key technologies (or core technologies), and then cultivate high-value fuel cell core technologies to achieve the goal of a "patented power". While enriching the research on patent value, it also provides corresponding suggestions for China to break through "technology lock-in" and realize its goal of being a patent power.
Identifying emerging technologies with development potential and the most valuable emerging technology subjects has become the focus of attention of all stakeholders. In this context, the FUSE project in the United States put forward an indicator of technological emergence, which can be used to measure the technological emerging degree of emerging technologies (subjects) quantitatively. On this basis, present study takes patents which are main carriers of emerging technologies as the research object, and introduces related methods such as bibliometrics, econometrics, etc., to explore the relationship between the technological emerging degree of the patent and its technological impact from a quantitative perspective.
Our research process is mainly divided into three steps: Firstly, we use NLP to extract the candidate terms from the abstract and title of a corpus of abstract records in a technology domain of interest, usually a 10-year period, and then clean and filter them to identify emerging terms and calculate their emergence scores. Secondly, based on the list of term-level emergence scores, we measure the technological emerging degree of a single patent in the target domain in the following three years by the patent-level emergence score. Finally, we quantitatively analyze the relationship between the patent’s technological emerging degree and its technology impact, which is measured by the number of forward citations of the patent.
We use patent data in the field of nano drug delivery for empirical analysis. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between the technological impact of patents and their technological emerging degree, that is, the patent with higher technological emerging degree may have greater influence and promotion on subsequent technological development. Besides, the study also suggests that emerging technological ideas (emerging terms) can improve the technological impact of patents continuously (at least 3 years).
Theoretically, firstly, this paper draws on the idea of calculating the subject's emergence score, and proposes a method to calculate the patent's emergence score, which realizes the measurement of the technological emerging degree of patents. Secondly, this research conducts a quantitative study on the relationship between the technological emerging degree of patents and their technological influence, which is a deepening and supplement to the existing qualitative research. Moreover, this study uses patent data as a data set, verifying and supplementing the existing related research using scientific publications as a data set.
In practice, on the one hand, this research provides new ideas and methods for the mining of high-value patents by exploring the relationship between the technological emerging degree of patents and their technological influence, which can provide some references for the government and enterprises to make investment decisions. On the other hand, this paper demonstrates the value of emerging technology ideas from the perspective of technological development, that is, emerging technology ideas can significantly increase the technological influence of patents, and provide theoretical support for my country's decision to favor policies in emerging technology fields.
The government venture capital guiding funds (GVCGFs) play an important role in China's venture capital market and shoulder important policy missions. In this paper，I use the issuance of provincial GVCGFs policy and GVCGFs's equity participation in venture capital enterprises(VCEs)as exogenous events and perform the difference-in differences (DID) test based on the data of venture investments from PEdata, to evaluate the guiding effects of GVCGFs from the market level and the enterprise level. This study finds that: (1) the issuance of the GVCGFs policy and GVCGFs' participation in venture capital market can significantly promote the fundraising and investment activities and expand the scale of venture capital market. (2) The GVCGFs fail to guide VCEs into earlier start-ups, but can guide them into technology-based enterprises. After distinguishing the ownership nature of VCEs, it is found that the guiding effects on non-state VCEs are generally better than that of state-owned VCEs. (3) The guiding effects of loss compensation are relatively the best, followed by the combination of loss compensation and revenue compensation, and the revenue compensation. The conclusions of this paper have enlightening significances for understanding the policy effects of the GVCGFs and optimizing the GVCGFs policy.
Promoting the digital transformation of several core industries, and building local digital infrastructure are two means for local governments to stimulate the digital transformation of enterprises. Is the company following peers in the same industry for digital transformation? or following peers in the same area? Answering this question is a test of the effectiveness of the two methods. Based on institutional theory, this paper discussed the legal constraints and isomorphic effects of the institutional pressures, these are, industrial digitalization and regional digital economy on the digital transformation of enterprises, as well as the interactive effects of the two. To gain insight into the cognitive process mechanism of the cross-level transmission from macro-institutional pressure to micro-enterprises, this paper explored the mediating role of decision-makers' digital attention in the relationship between institutional environment and corporate strategy, which based on cognitive theory, and quantitative text analysis method. We found that enterprises follow peers in the same industry, rather than peers in the same area, and the regional digital economy only plays a boosting role. The digital attention of executives plays a positive intermediary role in the relationship between institutional environment and corporate strategy. This article expands the theoretical perspective of the previous research on digital transformation, and gains insight into the differential mechanism of the logic in different fields, and the interactive influence of different logic. In addition, this paper introduces the quantitative text analysis method of machine learning into the measurement of manager's cognition, which open up the black box of cognitive process that the macro-institutional environment influences organizational strategy. This research has inspiring significance for the adjustment of government policy, and the cognitive management of corporate decision-makers.
Knowledge is the key resource to ensure the implementation of complex product development projects. The "gap" between the technical requirements of complex product R&D projects and organizational capabilities needs to be bridged by managers' acquisition of external knowledge. However, in order to avoid project risk and reduce organizational conflict, many project managers are reluctant to take the initiative on knowledge linkages. Therefore, improving the knowledge acquisition behavior of complex product R&D project managers has become an urgent problem to be solved in the field of innovation management. Most of the existing researches focus on the performance of knowledge acquisition, the antecedent analysis of knowledge acquisition behavior is insufficient and at a single level. How to coordinate and adapt among individuals, teams and organizations is still unclear, and the research level and focus perspective also need to be expanded. Therefore, based on the human-situation interaction model, job characteristics model and trait activation theory, this study proposes that job autonomy can improve the creative self-efficacy of the managers of complex products R&D project, and thus stimulate positive work behaviors.
In order to verify the above hypothesis, the enterprises and institutions engaged in complex product system research or development in the eastern, central and western regions of China were randomly sampled and surveyed. The respondents who filled in the questionnaires were all managers of complex product R&D projects. A total of 320 questionnaires were sent out, 272 were received, and 245 were effective with an effective recovery of 76.56%. Then, SPSS was used to perform multicollinearity, reliability and validity test, correlation analysis, regression analysis and Bootstrap test. The results show that: (1) job autonomy promotes the knowledge acquisition behavior of complex product R&D project managers; (2) creative self-efficacy partially mediates the relationship between job autonomy and knowledge acquisition behavior;(3)network relationship quality can positively moderate the relationship between job autonomy and creative self-efficacy, the relationship between job autonomy and knowledge acquisition behavior, and the mediating role of creative self-efficacy between job autonomy and knowledge acquisition behavior.
This study has some theoretical contributions: found the role of job autonomy in promoting knowledge acquisition behavior; the mediating role of creative self-efficacy between work autonomy and knowledge acquisition behavior is explored; the boundary function of network relationship quality in the above process is investigated. In addition, there are some practical implications: to appropriately grant more power to R&D project managers, implement humanized management, establish a relaxed working atmosphere, so as to generate their good psychological state and positive work behavior; to clear the responsibilities and rewards and punishments of R&D project managers, so that they have a specific direction of efforts, which can constantly enhance their ability and confidence in innovation management; attach importance to cooperative partnership, create a harmonious and pleasant communication atmosphere, establish a fair and reasonable conflict resolution mechanism, promote project members to consciously fulfill the contract, and enhance mutual trust and reciprocity. For future research prospects, it is suggested to expand the sample coverage to improve the universality of the research results. In order to improve the persuasiveness of the research conclusions, mediating variables can be added and panel data can be used in future studies.
The National Laboratory is a strategic scientific and technological force and an important platform conducting high-level basic research and applied basic research. How to strengthen the goal-oriented strategic basic research of national laboratories, as well as improving the original innovation ability of frontier technologies and strategic fields, are important issue that need to be solved urgently in the construction of national laboratories in China. Based on the input-output analysis framework of basic research, this paper systematically investigated and analyzed the operation mode and output characteristics of strategic basic research organizations in DOE National Laboratories.
The study found that the DOE National Laboratories are located in 15 states with different strategic missions, capabilities, and structures. Meanwhile, DOE national laboratories are either science oriented or technology oriented. According to the number of project types undertaken, they can be further divided into multi-project laboratories and single-project laboratories. From the perspective of basic research expenditure and R&D team structure, the National Laboratories are primarily funded by the Department of Energy, and the funds of different types of national laboratories have different emphases. The scientific laboratories spend a high proportion of basic research funds, while the technology-oriented laboratories spend much more on applied research and experimental development. In addition, the laboratory's R&D team consists of full-time staff, associate faculty, postdoctoral researchers, graduate students, undergraduate students, and visiting scientists. Among them, the safety laboratory has the largest number of people, and the multi-project science laboratory has a large proportion of postdoctoral researchers and graduate students, and a lot of facility users, which provides talent support for carrying out strategic basic researches.
The number of basic research output of DOE national laboratories increased year by year from 2010 to 2019. The multi-project national laboratories produce a large amount of scientific papers with great influence. The technology-oriented single-project national laboratories focus on the completion of their energy strategies or tasks, and pay more attention to the development of applied researches. Basic researches at DOE national laboratories are interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary as a whole, while each national laboratory has a unique set of core competencies and areas of center. At the same time, DOE national laboratories conduct strategic basic researches through partnerships with government, academia, and international organizations. In 2010-2019, the number of papers conducted through the international cooperation has tripled. The national laboratories performed differentiated international cooperation based on their strategic tasks and basic research needs, which is generally manifested in the mode of developing countries as the main ones, while constantly strengthened cooperation with China.
According to the above analysis, there are four recommendations in terms of building national laboratory in China. First, it should be guided by national goals and strategic needs to raise national laboratory overall layout. Second, basic research funds should be deployed on the basis of clear mission orientation and research direction of national laboratories, including strengthening the layout and construction of national laboratories for strategic basic researches in the world scientific frontier in physics and related fields, in nuclear science and technology and clean energy. Efforts should be made to develop national laboratories for the strategic application of cutting-edge technologies. Third, diverse and innovative personnel system should be built. The system of talent introduction, training, evaluation and incentive should be improved and a diversified and inclusive working environment should be created, aiming to build a reasonably structured laboratory talent team. Last but not least, the collaborative innovation mechanism of national laboratories with the participation of various forces should be improved, and the internal and external openness and cooperation should be strengthened. This paper has important reference value for constructing national laboratories and conducting strategic basic researches in China.
Innovation has been assumed to have played a vital role in the ever-changing global competitive environment, and the driving forces of innovation have also been changing. In addition to the traditional ones-the market and the government-, entering the digital era, the rise of society force and innovation ecosystem have also emerged as the important forces. Among those four forces, the innovation ecosystem has provided China with unprecedented opportunities and challenges due to its different characteristics, such as the ideas creation, action modes and strategic goals. Therefore, we analysed those four different types of driving forces towards innovation and made a comparison of their natures. Finally, this paper also discussed the opportunities and challenges from the rising of innovation ecosystem as kind of special force and provided some policy suggestions.
From the development of digital economy, the integration process of artificial intelligence and traditional industries, on the one hand, manifested as a macro technology diffusion and technical application process, and on the other hand, its performance is the technical interaction and technology integration innovation between micro innovation agents.Based on the relationship between 100 intelligent security enterprises, this paper conducted complex network analysis of the integration process of artificial intelligence technology and traditional security industries in China's digital economic development process.(1) Integration innovation of artificial intelligence technology and traditional industries is not a simple technical transfer and replication process, but a series of complementary innovation and new complementary technical system accumulation process, which is a diversified combination of general purpose technology and traditional industrial specialty technology.(2) The comparative advantage between multi-innovative mains is the basic conditions for promoting the integration of artificial intelligence technology and traditional industries.(3) Opening and development of various application scenarios is an important driving force for promoting intelligent integration development in traditional industries.
The key to improving total factor productivity (TFP) and achieving high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry lies in improving the allocation efficiency of various factors and boosting technological progress.This paper builds a heterogeneous firm model of monopolistic competition, which incorporates variable factor market distortions, fixed factor market distortions, and input in independent innovation. Based on the model, this paper theoretically studies not only the direct influence mechanism of factor misallocation and independent innovation on high-quality development of manufacturing industry, but also the indirect influence mechanism of factor misallocation on high-quality development of manufacturing industry arising from independent innovation input. The instrumental variable model is used to examine the direct and indirect mechanism by using firm-level panel data taken from Chinese listed companies from 2007 to 2019. The results indicate that there is a directly negative effect of capital misallocation and land misallocation on high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry. However, the direct effect of independent innovation input on high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry is positive. Moreover, capital misallocation is found to inhibit independent innovation input, which further has a negative impact on TFP growth. This paper clearly points out the source of high-quality development dilemma of China's manufacturing industry from the perspective of factors misallocation. The policy implication is very clear that carry out systemic reforms to promote the market-based allocation of production factors and raise capacity for independent innovation. Accordingly, we will further improve TFP and achieve high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry.
Based on the number of joint patent applications for new energy automobile industry in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2012 to 2020, the cooperative innovation network of new energy automobile industry in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region is constructed, and the cooperative innovation network structure is analyzed by using social network analysis (SNA) method. For further analysis of the mechanism of industrial proximity dimension, knowledge proximity dimension and geographical proximity dimension on the evolution of collaborative innovation network, a quadratic assignment program (QAP) regression model is constructed to carry out empirical research and non-parametric test of coefficients. The research shows that the collaborative innovation network of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei new energy automobile industry has evolved rapidly in 9 years. The network density and network center potential show that the collaborative innovation network presents a multi-center trend and the cohesion between subgroups is poor. The core nodes of collaborative innovation network are State Grid Company. Different proximity effects in different stages of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei provinces and cities have different effects on collaborative innovation network: industrial proximity and geographical proximity always positively affect the development of collaborative innovation network, and the significant degree of knowledge proximity influence in different stages of different provinces and cities is different.
Taking 206 enterprises in strategic emerging industries as research samples, this paper constructs an SEM model with corporate network power and innovation performance as variables and digital capability as an intermediary to study the internal mechanism of dynamic changes in network power affecting innovation performance under the digital transformation of enterprises. The results show that corporate network power plays a positive role in innovation performance, and digital synergy significantly improves innovation performance, and plays an effective intermediary role between network power and innovation performance. Therefore, under the background of digital transformation, attention should be paid to the effective use of network power of core enterprises, so as to achieve a significant improvement in the overall competitiveness and innovation performance of the enterprise network.
