In the modern time, many important scientific discoveries are technological inventions as well, and cause great impacts in science and technology. To explain this phenomenon, this article bases its argument on evolutionary understandings of science and technology, and tries to give a schematic description of the process of the convergence and divergence of science and technology. In the view of evolutionary understandings, science and technology are different systems of knowledge, and search processes guided by different goals and standards of success. The convergence and divergence between them, thus, mark turning points of their evolution, always bringing somehow revolutionary changes into their development.
Technology roadmapping is a flexible tool to support emerging technology development path recognition and prediction, which has been widely used within countries, industries and enterprises. However, current technology roadmapping is mainly displayed by technical entities (keywords) as the core elements, which cannot effectively reflect the vein of technology development. In this paper, the subject-action-object (SAO) structures and natural language processing is used to help to construct technology roadmaps. First, we clear the domain key issue by natural language processing and experts’ knowledge. Then we extract SAO structure using Stanford parser software and analyze the technologies of solving key issues. After that, we display the relationships of the key issues and technology in the form of technology roadmaps. Finally, this paper starts an empirical study in the field of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) with SCI-Expended data and experts’ knowledge, generates the technology roadmapping of improving the conversion efficiency of DSSC. The empirical shows that the method can provide an important reference for emerging technology innovation path recognition, and confirm the validity and applicability of the construction model for technology roadmapping.
The Collingridge’ dilemma is the dilemma of the social control of technology. Collingridge proposed a solution to this dilemma, which is changing decisions to the technology of corrigibility, controllability and flexibility. However, this solution that is out of technology construction network faces problems of controllers and knowledge, cannot predict and adjust technology effectively. The extended actor- network tries to control the technology inside of technology construction, by way of extending the control time cover the process of technology construction, extending heterogeneous actors and extending embedded, non- embedded and tacit knowledge and extending technology construction itself.
Eurocentrism has strong influence in the field of science and technology history. The primary objective of this study is to establish quantitative evidence that will enhance a better understanding of the statistical characters of scientific and technological innovations in world history, and to re-examine some conclusions made by scholars with Eurocentrism perspectives. In order to achieve this goal, we examined both scientific and technological achievements in human history and established a database from which statistical evidences are drawn for the purpose of comparison among countries and regions. Our findings are quite incisive and informative. First, our findings indicate that people in North America and Europe have contributed about 81.7 percent of the total inventories of science and technological achievements in human history. The balance of 18.3 percent can be traced to all other regions that have been neglected by earlier scholars. This rectifies earlier claims that Europe and North America’s achievements account for 97 percent of the global innovations. Second, based on the cross-section analysis of the historical achievements in sciences and technology, our findings show that prior to 1500 AD, Europe’s and Middle East’s innovations were basically at par, but these achievements surpass those from other regions like China and India/Pakistan. These partially support the perceptions put forward by some anti-Eurocentric scholars.
The dynamics of Chinese innovation transformation was analyzed through the amount, class and industry distribution of domestic authorized patent licensing, and it was shown that the early signs of innovation transformation in China had already emerged after 2008. The patent licensing amount from the domestic patentee of China were very few and mainly in the lower grade patent – the design - before 2008, but increased greatly and mainly in the upper grade patent – the utility model - after 2008. In addition, the nationality of the patentee in patent licensing in China was mainly of foreigners before 2008 but had been transformed into Chinese since 2008, which further demonstrated the significant improvement in innovation capacity of China.This start of the innovation transformation in China was closely related to the adjustments in its national innovation policies.
Taking patents and new products as industrial innovation output and input, it comparatively studied innovation efficiency system of patent-intensive industries and non-patent-intensive industries in China from year 2001 to year 2010. First, the overall R&D input efficiency of patent-intensive industries was higher than non-patent-intensive industries’ during the first period, year 2001-2005. Second, the overall economic output efficiency of patent-intensive industries was less than non-patent-intensive industries during the second period, year 2006-2010, both of which were mainly raised by the pure technical efficiency. And comprehensive efficiency was decided mainly by the second period. It analyzed the reason of this situation and gave recommendations and suggestions at the end of the paper.
This paper analyzes the repulsion effect from low quality patents to high quality patents, based on the theoretical basis of lemons market effects, specifically analyzes how do the low quality patents expel the high quality patents out of the market under asymmetric information of patent quality in the process of patent application and examination , the settlement of patent invalidation, as well as patent licensing and trading. Finally this paper makes policy recommendations solving the above problems.
The knowledge base of the industry is the starting point of the innovation. The heterogeneity within knowledge base is a main driver of difference of innovational activities. In this paper we use the ‘State Intellectual Property Office of P.R.C’ database as data source, to explore the structure of industrial knowledge base. Based on the patent data of Chinese biotechnology and electrical & electronic industry during 1985 to 2010, we describe the knowledge base dynamics of the high-tech industry. The results show that the structure of knowledge bases of biotechnology and electrical & electronic industry is different. And when the overall knowledge base variety is rise and dominated by the unrelated variety, depth, coherence, network density and centralization is fall but cognitive distance will be rise. While as the maturation of the new technology, the variety of knowledge base is dominated by related variety, depth, coherence, network density and centralization to rise, however, cognitive distance of industry knowledge base will fall.
Owned by university and its affiliated asset holding corporate, the university-owned listed company (UOLC) is a special kind of enterprise between university and society. This article introduces basic characteristics of such companies, analyzes their operation and innovation performances as well as the tie with the upper-echelon university. The main business scope of a UOLC is generally consistent with advantageous disciplines of the university, and the top management team has intimate background of the university. But the UOLC contributes little pecuniary income for the university, and the performance does not surpass the average level of ordinary high-tech based firms. This article then compares UOLC with traditional university-run firms, classical university spin-offs and ordinary listed firms, which sheds lights on some new research opportunities in the academic area of university spin-off, corporate governance and knowledge industrialization etc.
Based on the first questionnaire of scientists’ values and philosophy, this paper studied scientists’ professional values in China. The structure of scientists' professional values is composed of five factors: academic and social responsibility, scientific and technological development, social function of science and technology, scientific research environment, scientific spirit and confidence. The core of the scientists' professional values consists of academic and social responsibility, and social function of science and technology. At the same time, significant differences have been found among the observed scientific fields. The biggest differences are between agricultural technicians/health technicians and science researchers.
Knowledge output is an important part of the national innovation ability and papers written by research fellows contribute a lot to the knowledge output. Using a time-using survey of research fellow, we analysis the influence of human capital, research funding and the institutional factors. Then under the control of these variables, we study the relationship of time using and the output of papers. It is found that the S&T policy for increasing the number of papers should not stimulate researchers to input much more time.
At present, the researches on how supply chain capabilities have an impact on firm performance are very scarce. In this research, we use structural equation model (SEM) dealing with the survey data of 165 enterprises in supply chain upstream or downstream, on the basis of extensive literature research and the enterprises research. This paper makes some empirical analyses on the relationship of the four variables including of supply chain capabilities, the knowledge transfer between enterprise and partners, long-term and short-term performance of enterprise. The result of the study shows that: supply chain capabilities have a positive effect on short-term performance, long-term performance of enterprise and knowledge transfer directly. Knowledge transfer has a positive effect on short-term performance and long-term performance of enterprise directly. Supply chain capacities can not only directly affect the long, short-term performance of the enterprise, but also indirectly affect the enterprise long, short-term performance of the enterprise through the transfer of knowledge as a mediating variable. The conclusion of this paper provides reference with directive significance of theory for the enterprise to enhance its supply chain capabilities and then improve the performance.
Technological learning is an important way for latecomer firms to realize technological catch-up. However, the linear model of knowledge accumulation which means “introduction- study- absorption- recombination- innovation” is unsustainable for that time cost of learning old technology is increasing with the contraction of technology cycle. In such circumstances, the passage selects a firm named Shenzhen China Star Optoelectronics Technology (CSOT) as a case, and describes its process from integrating the product knowledge among module, panel and system, market demand knowledge and external knowledge of upstream and downstream firms to forming the synchronous design capability of product, craft and architecture and the capability to build line, and realizing fast catching-up of LCD panel technology finally. The case that CSOT realizes catching-up by integrating knowledge is a helpful exploring for Chinese local firms. It provides technological catching-up in contemporary China with new means-knowledge integration linking scattered and fragmented knowledge and reconstructing new knowledge as well as unlearns the traditional linear model of knowledge accumulation.
Customer involvement has been recognized as an important factor for successful service innovation. It forms a knowledge coordination network in the process of customer participation in the service innovation and interaction with enterprise staff. Due to the influence of various subjective and objective conditions, the knowledge subjects have different strategies in the process of customers-enterprise knowledge coordination. The paper uses complex network model to build customer-enterprise knowledge collaboration network, and studies subject behaviors of dynamic network based on the different strategy choice which knowledge subjects adopt, then introduced game theory to the model which means to combine the strategy of subject with network structure. Therefore, the conclusions are as follows:1) When fixed the strategy choice, the network which has more active subjects will do more contributions to knowledge collaboration；2）When the renewal speed of the strategy of subject is in the middle level, knowledge collaboration will reach to a comparative ideal effect; 3）The faster the renewal speed of structure is, the more contributions will makes to the knowledge collaboration;4）Both of the rapid renewal speed of the strategy and structure will contributes to achieve the good effect of knowledge collaboration.
Public research institutes play a key leading role in Chinese innovation system. However, few research pay attention to innovation capability building of these entities. Based on the related theories of technology innovation, alliance capability and organization design etc., this paper developed the concept of collaborative innovation capability of academic research institutions, and put forward hypotheses on the relationships between the constructions of collaborative innovation capability and its performance- innovation social capital, and the moderating functions of Technology Transfer Office on the relationships. The authors constructed a research sample by collecting data from 101 domestic public research institutes to do hypotheses testing, and found that internal coordination is negative to innovation social capital while TTO failed to positively moderate this relationship. For the current internal coordination barriers of public research institutes, the paper mainly discussed the constraints derived from the administrative system of science and technology, and suggested research directions for the future.
The mode of collaborative innovation is more complicated and diverse than traditional I-U-R cooperation. The ownership of intellectual property made in collaborative innovation is a prerequisite for the distribution of benefits among the subjects,which relate to the long-term and sustainable development of the whole organization. Now our laws and policies tend to regulate that different innovators could make agreements for the ownership of intellectual property. But it does not meet the actual needs of the future. Taking into account of the complexity of the collaborative innovation subject, content and other various elements, the authors suggest that the related agreements for the ownership of intellectual property should be replaced by the articles of association.
How to reduce the risk of failures and deal with innovation failure is the focus of management in the uncertain environment, the influence of learning from failures on innovation performance rarely causes the attention of scholars. Variable of learning from failures ignored by traditional literatures was pulled in, the core framework of social capital, learning from failures and innovation performance was formed, hypothesizes were test by using correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and mediating effect test with research team as the object of the empirical analysis according to the survey data. The results showed that social capital can significantly enhance innovation performance, and obviously promote learning from failure, moreover, learning from failures also significantly improve innovation performance, and played a significantly mediating role between social capital and innovation performance. Based on the analysis and discussion of empirical results, the enlightenments were get to provide references for improvement practice of research team innovation.
Industrial Product Service Systems (iPS2) is a new kind of value delivery mode integrating service with Industrial product, of which innovation strategy research is a very important part. Due to the difference between servicing and traditional product manufacturing, traditional manufacturing mode and innovation ways cannot expand into industrial product service directly. By analyzing characteristics of iPS2, this paper studied their technical logic, proposed a point of view based on capability, and compared it with resource view of traditional manufacturing mode. On the basis of capability view, this paper further put forward an innovation strategy framework on the ground of capability demand-supply matching, elaborated its fundamental mechanism of demand-supply matching, two-way cycling. In the end, the paper delivered an overview of innovation strategy of demand side, supply side and matching process.
European Commission’s Community Innovation Survey (CIS) is by far the best innovation survey which affects widely in the world. CIS data provides strong support on EU macro strategy and micro policy making. The survey has sufficient guidelines, standards, sampling methods and quality control system to support its data collection. Furthermore, Eurostat has built the system of data release and micro data development and research mechanism. However, it still has some problems in its survey process and data usage. A good understand of its advantage and disadvantage will help China to build its own innovation survey system.
