The image of scientists among the public matters in many ways. By analyzing the dataset drawn from a sampling survey, this paper explores the stereotype of scientists in the mind of urban Chinese and its influencing factors. The result shows that the stereotype of scientists, characterized as “nerds” in pop culture, does exist commonly in Chinese peoples’ mind, more commonly than in American public‘s mind. Further analysis finds that knowledge about scientists, mass media such as TV and scientific fictions, and opportunities of personal contacts with scientists, are all important factors that influence such a stereotype. In the end of this paper, policy implications and future prospective research issues are discussed.
The stereotype on scientists is a very important issue in STS, which matters to the maintenance of scientific talent and workforce, risk communication as well as the advance of civic scientific literacy. A consensus in academia is the stereotype on scientists are well established all over the world since Chambers (1983)’s pioneering work. This study however, challenge the methodological and psychological foundation of DAST (draw-a-scientist test) in existence, and proposal a neo-DAST which includes four steps, called “reference drawing”, “comparative coding”, “classified convergence” and “cross verification”. Three groups of subjects was selected from (A) professional masters’ class for public understanding of since in the School of Fine Arts, (B) undergraduate students’ class, and (M) graduate students’ class to examine this new test method (n=71). And it is found that, the stereotype on scientists do exist, but it is also quite doubtable to say that it could definitely be improved by more contact. Dummy regression shows for example, both Group A and Group M generally have less stereotype on scientists, while the former is mainly caused by less contact with science or just because the artists as the reference have stronger stereotype compared with entrepreneurs, and the latter was activated an avoidance mode due to the stereotype threaten. The analysis also implies that, the stereotype of college students sure have some bad effect on choosing science as their further career, where a solution might lie in the enhancement of conterstereotype on scientist by all means.
Based on nine large-scale survey on Indian public understanding of science，this thesis analyzed the special background and measurement indicator system of survey on Indian public understanding of science, revealed the localization context of survey on Indian public understanding of science and local knowledge reflected in the survey.
Social selection appears more commoner in the process of technological evolution than natural selection. Compared with social group selection, the individual selection of inventor is equally important. Inventor's choices realize the formation of expressive new technical genes, and influence the progress of technology evolution. The choices are affected by inventor's aim and criterion. Their own capability and the social environment also play important roles. To improve the overall national technological level, we must attach importance to inventor. We should begin from building the entire environment for inventors to provide effective spaces for their innovations.
Abstract: “Trading Zone Theory” was introduced formally by Peter Galison in 1997.Because of its good explanation to cross boundary communication and cooperation, it attracted much attention of other researchers. In this paper, we review the process of rising and developing, in order to demonstrate the approach of the trading zone theory. Then we classify the application into three levels, cross disciplinary, cross organization, and cross country. In the last part, we figure out the whole picture of trading zone theory and its implications for investigating and managing cross boundary cooperation in China.
It analyzed identification method of patent-intensive industries, copyright-intensive industries and trademark-intensive industries in China. Then it studied economic and employment contribution value and contribution rate of intellectual property intensive industries during the period from Year 2008 to Year 2010. And the result was compared with the economic and employment contribution of intellectual property industries in both U.S.A and EU. At the end of this paper the development and research direction of intellectual property intensive industries in our country was given according to the specific context of China’s current economic transformation and implementation of the national intellectual property strategy.
After the global financial crisis, countries around the world are looking for new economic growth engine, and playing more emphasis on technological innovation. That is to say intangible assets have great impact on economic growth. In order to reflect the role of intangible assets, especially R& D capital on economy, SNA (2008) explicitly proposed R&D capitalization. At present, many countries have begun to incorporate intangible investment in GDP accounting. However our practice in this area is blank. This paper capitalizes R & D spending of China and quantitatively analyzes its effects on GDP and economic structure. The results show that, in the period of 2002 to 2011, capitalization of R & D will increase GDP by about 1.35% each year, decrease consumption ratio by 0.9%, and increase investment ratio by 1%. Finally, this paper provides some related policy recommendations, such as more research about capitalization of intangible investment, establishment of R&D capital Satellite account and so on.
Competition in emerging industries around the world is substantially the war of technology standards, so technology standardization has become the inevitable choice for emerging industries to participate in international competition. This paper explores the technology standardization process and characteristics of emerging industries from three aspects including the formation, industrialization and marketization of technology standardization. Then, it analyses the network properties of emerging industries’ technology standardization using the thought of social network. Finally, it reveals the network evolution rules of emerging industries’ technology standardization. This paper aims at providing support for enhancing the technology standardization network effects of emerging industries and thus accelerate their technology standardization process.
Entrepreneurial learning is a vital approach for new venture to get survival and growth. In recent years, the research on entrepreneurial learning in the field of entrepreneurship has been concerned greatly. Although the importance of entrepreneurial learning on entrepreneurship has been emphasized, the existing literature is still stay in the definition phase and pays little attention to the complex mechanism of entrepreneurial learning. Based on the field research in Chang Chun and Hang Zhou, the paper attempts to explore how different entrepreneurial learning styles (experiential learning and cognitive learning) influence the development of entrepreneurial capability (opportunity recognition capability and opportunity exploit capability) and further affect performance. The empirical result reveals that both entrepreneurial learning and entrepreneurial capability have positive effects to the performance, and different entrepreneurial capabilities play different mediating role in the relationship between the entrepreneurial learning and new venture performance.
entrepreneurs’ political skills make critical roles in entrepreneurs’ social exchange relationships. The present research explored that how entrepreneurs’ political skills influenced new venture performance, and investigated the moderator of organizational justice and the mediator of entrepreneurial orientation. The results showed that: (1)entrepreneurs’ political skills were positively related to new venture performance; (2)entrepreneurial orientation mediated completely the relationship between entrepreneurs’ political skills and new venture performance; (3)organizational justice moderated the link between entrepreneurs’ political skills and entrepreneurial orientation; (4)the interaction of entrepreneurs’ political skills and organizational justice made an in directive effect on new venture performance through entrepreneurial orientation’s mediation.
Abstract: To investigate gender differences at several stages of the entrepreneurial process across regions in China, the article uses the random-coefficient binary logistic regressions models to dynamically compare individuals who are beyond an engagement level with those who are exactly at this level.. Gender differences at five levels of entrepreneurial engagement are explained by regional-level variables while controlling for individual-level variables, using a survey that includes 5083 respondents from 15 cities in China. Finding shows that the cross-stage gender differences in China are mainly characterized as the differences between female and male entrepreneurs’ choice of sector. From the driven perspectives, the regional environmental constraint driven gap is not obvious, but preference gaps can also play a key role in gender differences. Specifically, the results suggest that the part reason of cross-stage gender differences is that women tend to concentrate in certain sectors. Family capital and Administration lead to some significant gender differences in terms of the formation of entrepreneurial intention. By contrast, no evidence are found about gender discrimination in access to finance in any cities.
Based on the literature review, a hypothetical model revolving the relationships among network competence, knowledge management competence and innovation competence is put forward. By taking 162 star-ups in the Pearl River Delta as samples, an empirical study on the model is conducted. The results show that network constructing competence, relationship management competence and role positioning competence all have significantly positive effect on knowledge management competence. Knowledge management competence plays a complete intermediary role in the relationship between and network constructing competence and innovation competence. The relationship management competence and role positioning competence have the direct influence on knowledge management competence, but also has the indirect influence on innovation competence.
Technology present situation and problem, source of technology acquisition, and relationship between social network and technology acquisition are analyzed using Zhejiang province small and mini-sized enterprises as the sample. The results show that, the level of technology is not high with a lack of R&D investment; the technology acquisition is mainly based on external source, with the serious problem of technology stealing; there are differences among the effects of social network (including friends network, public network, experts network and market network) on technology acquisition, which market network is the most significant. Therefore, small and mini-sized enterprises should gradually transform from the external technology imitation and import to the internal technology absorption and development, at the same time, they should also build technology innovation network to realize synergy innovation and technology upgrading.
self-innovation is an important national strategy, and family governance is an ubiquitous and unique mechanism, but a little is known how the governance mechanism influences the strategy. R&D is the most powerful factor fostering innovative capacity, various types of R&D investments correspond to different uncertainty, appropriate return and cost, and various corporate governance mechanisms conduct different types of innovation. The paper examines how the family governance influences R&D investment, R&D investment portfolio,and investment momentum. The study, based on national sample, found family business invests less in product R&D than non-family business, but the intensity of process R&D is indifferent between the two types of business, as well as the ratio of process R&D in family business exceeds the ratio of product R&D in family business, furthermore, the larger family business facing lower utilization of capacity will increase the intensity of product R&D. the findings indicate family business will be risk avoidance only if risk is beyond some certain threshold, they keep a trade-off between risky gains and preserving SEW, and that they have a fairly high tolerance with bad performance.
The relationship between organization slack and enterprise innovation is controversial in academia. One of the important reasons is the literature was short of classified discussion on slack and neglected the influence of environmental factor. The result of empirical research show that the relationship between absorbed slack and enterprise innovation is U-shaped .This means when the slack in a low-level, absorbed slack is adverse to and promote the enterprise innovation when the slack in a high-level. The environmental uncertainty will strengthen the relationship between innovation projects and absorbed slack when it is increased, but the environmental uncertainty cannot moderate the relationship between innovative product and absorbed slack.
SMEs often make up for lacking in normative and detailed plans, systems and organizational arrangements with remaining some human resource slack, but the effectiveness of these practices is questionable. Basing on characters of the knowledge owned, human resource slack can be sorted into unembedded ones, low-embeded ones and high-embedded ones, and funcitons of them on enterprises need more classification studies. This paper analyses the action mechanisms of SMEs’ human resource slack from perspective of product innovation, and takes SMEs in manufacturing industries as the samples to testify hypothesis promoted. It confirms that, unembedded human resource slack promote negative error management climate, and then reduce product innovation, while low-embeded human resource slack benefit product innovation and local searches play mediating role therein. It also find that executive shareholders can effect the action of unembedded human resource slack on innovation positively, while influence the ones of high-embedded human resource slack negatively. These conclusions confirm the heterogeneity and contextualization of human resource slack, and can provide some instruction for SMEs’ practice.
Internationalization is an important open innovation strategy through which firms in emerging countries can increase innovation potential. However, extant theory can not properly explain the mechanism of internationalization on innovation performance of firms in emerging countries. Based on the dynamic capabilities view, this study aims to examine how export and outward FDI can be beneficial to firm’s innovation in an emerging country. Using survey data from a sample of manufacturing firms in China, we demonstrate that export and outward FDI are both important in the innovation effort, their effect on innovation performance are channeled through each firm’s opportunity-recognizing capability and opportunity-capitalizing capability. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Technology integration capability is the corn foundation to guarantee accomplishment of technology integration effectively and the one of key factors to integration innovation capability. It has already become the key to competitive edge of self-dependent innovation. Based on connotation of technology integration capability, applying equipment manufacturing industry enterprises give an example, and combining with characteristics of this industry, the technology integration capability was divided into technical monitoring ability, the technical learning ability, technical system integration ability and the organization system integration ability from four primary dimensions, that is information dimension, learning dimension, technology dimension and organization dimension. The research sets up measure model of technology integration capability and takes an empirical analysis based on equipment manufacturing industry enterprises in Heilongjiang Province to verify this model. The research advances the theory study in the meantime, it also provides a theoretical reference and practicality countermeasure for Chinese equipment manufacturing enterprises how to effectively adjust their integration innovative ways based on its own characteristics and eventually enhance their comprehensive competitive advantage.
