One country’s independent innovation has its own characteristics quite different from another one’s, because of different economic power, economic structure, politic system, scientific and technologic reality, social culture and historical tradition, and so on in countries all over of the world. In China, the way of independent innovation is to create a new system for scientific and technologic innovation by combining the advantages of both the market and the government, to move innovation on first and step by step, and to make small enterprises take a leading role. As a result, the innovative culture contains both individualism and collectivism. Thus this way develops the Chinese characteristics of independent innovation as the following: comparative advantage strategy, a new nationwide system, introducing , digesting and overlapping innovation for domestic market, new research institutions, a local competitive mechanism. For the future innovation in China, some elements of Chinese culture should be emphasized, such as sticking to disruptive innovation of national brand, comprehensive management based on the Chinese culture, hidden innovation based on the talent power.
Abstract: Tu Yo-yo won Lasker Award on her scientific finding-artemisinin, which triggered a debate about individual scientists and Tu Yo-yo won Lasker Award on her scientific finding-artemisinin, which triggered a debate about individual scientists and collective scientists in science awards in China. Based on clarification to the collaboration background and discovery process of artemisinin, its value orientation of “collective presence” for collective signature and collective award-winning in Chinese science recognition and award, and its value orientation of “individual presence” for focus on originality and personal discovery priority are demonstrated and compared. Finally, the paper discusses how to deal with the relationship between the individual and the collective in scientific award and indicates that there is a close link between individual-oriented reward and social structure based on individual property,collective-oriented reward and public property. And considers the two reward systems have advantages and disadvantages, how to better deal with the relationship between science award in the collective and individual remains a problem worthy of study in the system design.
With the perspective of evolutionary transaction cost, it is shown that the relational evolution history of American university and national laboratory reveals a from-integration-to-hybrid governance structural changing history. Due to historical specificity, the integrational governance structure (IGS) adopted by universities and laboratories, formed and maintained at the background of World War II and Cold War, is a unique institutional arrangement for the U.S.A.. The enforcement of “competing contract” helps to establish the hybrid governance structure (HGS). In the U.S.A., the IGS is now turning into HGS, path dependence is the reason why IGS and HGS are coexisting at the present time. China should be aware when she is using IGS for reference to establish National Lab or even the Big Science Center. China should make use of the second-mover advantages to surpass IGS and create her own HGS.
With the significant contextual differences between China and the West reasonable to be more widely recognized, “contextual” factors of Chinese characteristics become more prominent. How to deeply solve management issues from a variety of contexts with differences is a necessity for academic research. By conducting a grounded theory research on 12 domestic influential management journals from 1993 to 2012 , we have, in this article, explored the context path, the development process and the analytical framework of Chinese contextualization research. By the results of our study, we have discovered that Chinese contextualization research has included three main paths of direct use, phenomena analysis and context analysis; and experienced from direct use, limited contextualization concerned about phenomenon, deep contextualization concerned about phenomenon, limited contextualization concerned about context and deep contextualization concerned about context; Chinese contextual paths, the degree of contextualization and time dimensions can form Chinese contextual analysis framework matching a variety of contextual analysis. We have finally, based on the above analysis, given some recommendations on the future direction of Chinese contextual research.
Considering the shortcoming of current evaluation model, a combination method based on maximizing deviations-integration operator-acceleration excitation model is applied to threat the problems. Figured out the attribute weights by using the maximizing deviations model, in attribute dimension, combined the functional states and coordination states of objectives on the strength of integration operator and preferred modulus, and obtained the static consequence; in time dimension, integrated variation trend into speed status in line with acceleration excitation model, and obtained the dynamic consequence. Empirically study on patent ability of Chinese patent-intensive industries in the 2007-2012. The result indicates: from the perspective of static, there was a “functional trap” and “short board”; from the perspective of dynamic, it’s outstanding in the rising situation in all industries, nevertheless, the growth degree is significantly different for industries.
Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of government subsidies on enterprises' innovation activities. We find that, (1)government subsidies and enterprises' innovation displays inverted U-shape relationship. When government subsidy is lower than a critical value, the government subsidies are to promote enterprises' innovation. When the government subsidy exceeds the critical value, the inhibitory effect begins to show. (2) There exists significantly differences of subsidies effect on firms which is in different ownership, firm sizes and industries. (3)The effect of government subsidies on innovation of enterprises becomes more obvious when the enterprise is located in high level of law development area. This paper has important references to understand role of the subsidies policy in building national innovation system, and making innovation policy.
Based on the panel data of the 1995-2012 China Statistics Yearbook on high-tech industry, five primary high-tech industries were analyzed. By means of the fixed effect model and the system GMM model, the characteristics of capital, talent, external technology, government subsidies in promoting the innovations transformation of China's high-tech industry were analyzed. The results showed that, (1) Technology transformation activities had positively cumulative effects in different periods, that is technology transformation in the early stage played a significant role in promoting the technology transformation. (2)The capital investment had a significantly negative effect on the transformation of industrial innovations. (3)The talent resources had a significantly positive impact on the transformation of industrial innovations. (4)The external technology investment had an inverted U-shaped impact on the transformation of industrial innovations. (5)The government financial incentives did not promote the innovations transformation effectively. On the contrary, it played a significantly restrain effect. The conclusions and recommendations can provide reference for the innovations transformation of china's high-tech industry.
Using the normalized supply-side system method, this paper estimates the capital-labor elasticity of substitution, the average rate of technology progress between capital and labor and the biased index of technical progress in China’s manufacturing industry and sub-sectors industries in the period of 1980-2011. The results showed that the year of 1996 is the turning point in the evolution of technological progress in China’s manufacturing industry; From the perspective of sub-sectors, capital and labor are all complementary in the labor intensive, capital intensive and technology intensive industries, but the degree are different. As capital and labor complementarity is the strongest in technology intensive industries, they are the main power of development mode transformation and industrial structure upgrading of the manufacturing industry.
This research tries to answer the possible and dynamic mechanisms to improve the technological capacity of domestic companies in ICT industry by the way of international technological strategic cooperation with case study. Starting from the RBV and the existent research on high technology industries, we firstly construct the primary theoretical hypothesis framework. Then, we study the successful case of technological strategic cooperation between Ningbo Sunny Opotech and OmniVersion (OV). Finally, we propose the proper model of technological strategic cooperation for ICT industry. Our results reveal that: the intension of risk aversion is the second driving factor of establishing the strategic cooperation following the complement of dominant resources; the interests-based factors caused by win-win cooperation strengthen the mutual trust in the progress of cooperation; and the industrial characteristics with high uncertainty make the risk prevention mechanism substitute the mechanism of relation-specific investment, which is beneficial to consolidate the cooperation relationship. The significances of this research lie in the four aspects. The first is that a great deal of interview data presented in the research provides the first hand materials for understanding technological strategic cooperation. The second is that the cooperation between Sunny Opotech and OV shows the feasibility and the dynamic mechanism. The third is that it helps us to further understand the theories of technological strategic cooperation suitable to ICT industry.
At present, research institutions and universities have to through a complex approval procedures in technology shares, should pay tax whether or not have obtain income, and incentive measures is difficult to implement. Based on international experience, the authors suggest that, from the legislative level to determine national technology investment management system, optimize processes related systems, improve the pricing mechanism technological intangible assets.
Indirect cost reimbursement (ICR) is a key point in scientific research project funding management. Based on the practical problems of ICR management in China and the shortage of previous research, Firstly, definition and connotation of indirect cost is analyzed, and then the incentive effect of ICR in government scientific research funding is proposed. Secondly, the analysis model for the incentive effect of ICR is built in the framework of principal-agent theory. Meanwhile, key factors of incentive effect are proposed. Thirdly, two kinds of typical models are developed based on carding international practice, and the incentive effects of typical models are analyzed. Finally, policy advice about the reform of ICR management is proposed.
Recent work on institutional entrepreneurship interprets a narrow scope of actors’ institutional agency, and in this paper, how the distributed agency of various actors enables and influences the collective institutional entrepreneurship of the development process of China’s NEV industry is explored. It can be found that the central government, local governments and enterprises have successively led the R&D, industrialization, and commercialization periods of the industry; this initiating and supporting relationship is originated from the distributed agency among different types of actors, which is attributed to their motive discrepancy; there are alliances according to different regions and different business models, and actors cooperate within the same alliance and compete between different alliances; the distributed agency within the same type of actors is attributed to their capability discrepancy, which determines the initiative pioneers and brings the coexistence of multiple development routes.
Entrepreneurial Learning is the cutting-edge issue in the field of entrepreneurship, and also is a key point to explain entrepreneurship from dynamic perspective. Based on existing research, this study views entrepreneurial learning is a process of using experiential learning, cognitive learning and action learning to acquire entrepreneurial knowledge, and build a model of the relationship between entrepreneurial network and entrepreneurial learning. The empirical results show that entrepreneurial network has important influence on entrepreneurial learning, and find different types of network have different effects on entrepreneurial learning (experiential learning, cognitive learning and action learning).
This study is determined to analyze the external technology search balance from the perspective of exploration-exploitaion balance approach in organization ambidexterity through technology licensing-ins pertaining to Chinese indigenous firms. Based on the registered records of patent technology licensing agreements by the State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s Republic of China, the empirical analyses places these firms in a multi-dimensional technological space with three dimensions, i.e. geographical distance, time distance and cognitive distance. Through statistic analyses, it has been found that: (1) the enterprises’ external technology search balance exists in the multi-dimensional space; (2) among these three dimensions, the substitution effect between geographical distance and time distance is more significant; (3) compared to Small- and Medium-sized enterprises, more Large-scale companies choose external technology licesing-ins with large cognitive distance.
R&D boundary spanning has attracted a lot of attentions. The primly focus is on the mechanisms that drive innovation capability catching-up of latecomers in emerging market by R&D boundary spanning (i.e. Organizational, Geographical, and Knowledge). Integrating institutional theory and knowledge management theory, We propose that R&D organizational boundary spanning has an inversed U shape effect on innovation capability, while geographical and knowledge boundary spanning has positive effects on innovation capability. Moreover, knowledge base moderates the relationship between R&D boundary spanning and innovation capability. The data from a sample of 926 high-tech firms in China supports our hypothesis.
Aiming at explaining the internal relations between innovation clustering capacity of big state-owned companies and innovation clustering performance, this paper take the research perspective of knowledge integration. Based on multiple innovation clustering case studies of typical big state-owned companies, this paper identified multi-dimensional innovation clustering capacity of these companies, and established influencing process model of innovation clustering capacity to analyzing the mechanism of action. The research results shows that the perfect matching of innovation clustering capacity of big state-owned companies and the process of knowledge integration in the innovation clustering life cycle is the key influence factor to innovation clustering performance, which will enriching the theory of innovation clustering and guiding the cultivation of innovation clustering capacity of big state-owned companies.
Based on Guangdong Province－Ministry University－Industry collaborative project, the effect of ownership of enterprises on the performance of cooperation Innovation for Industry-University-Research in the three phases of the innovation value chain has been explored in this paper. The results show that there is no significant difference of performance between SOE and other kinds of enterprises in the phase of knowledge innovation. The performance of POE is significantly higher than that of SOE in the phase of science and research innovation. There are significant differences of performance in the phase of product innovation and the performance of MOE is significantly higher than that of SOE with respect of achievements of transformation. The performance of HMT is significantly higher than that of SOE with respect of achievements of new product, new process and achievements of transformation. The performance of FIE is significantly higher than that of SOE with respect of new process and achievements of transformation.
TRIZ theory plays a crucial role in building collaborative innovation system. Based on refining and sublimation of TRIZ theory, this paper explored the characteristics and conditions of the construction of collaborative innovation system oriented to TRIZ of enterprise internal. Selecting seven companies which applied TRIZ to build collaborative innovation system obtaining great success and became the model enterprises of innovation method in Hubei for multiple cases studies and using T-LAB9.0 analysis software, this study got six key point and four thematic elements of TRIZ oriented the construction of collaborative innovation system of enterprise internal, and verified the possibility and reality of the system construction.
The Base of the Pyramid （BOP） market provides new opportunities of innovation and growth for the future and the enterprises can create economic and social value at the same time by developing low-cost and high-quality products for poor people. However, the literature offers little theoretical or practical guidelines for effective and efficient strategies or methods facilitating innovative product development in the BOP market. Based on the qualitative data on six product innovation cases in Chinese and Indian BOP market, this paper summarizes four key successful factors necessary for effective product development and develops corresponding analytical framework. The research not only enriches the field of innovation in BOP market but also gives references for enterprises’ innovative practice.
