Abstract: National Engineering Laboratory (NEL) is an important member of the national innovation system. The research on the impact mechanism of resource input factors on the performance of NEL, is conducive to improve the national engineering innovation system. On the basis of the questionnaire survey on the NEL being constructed, this paper analyzed the impact mechanism of resource factors on the performance of NEL using the PLS structural equation model. Some conclusions were drawn from the research: the financial support has a positive influence on the output ability and effect of NEL; the human capital and fixed assets have no direct significant impact on the effect of the NEL but a positive influence on the output ability of NEL and a further indirect influence on the effect of NEL. The conclusion of this paper is that how to take measures to effectively play the role of NEL has policy implications.