Abstract: Science and technology entrepreneurship is an important means to promote innovation driven development strategy and promote economic growth, but the mechanism of scientific and technical personnel’s entrepreneurial behavior in different dimensions of institutional environment is still not clear. In this paper, we discuss the relationship of institutional environment, scientific and technical personnel’s entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial behavior under the regulatory, normative, cognitive dimensions and the newly added conducive dimension. Through a research conducted by China Association for Science and Technology, which references 20000 scientific and technical personnel from 27 provinces and municipalities in china, we find that scientific and technical personnel’s entrepreneurial cognition has a positive effect on entrepreneurial behavior. Conducive environment and cognitive environment represented by the number of patents have a positive moderating effect on the relationship between entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial behavior. However, the moderating effect of regulatory environment and normative environment is not significant. Finally, we put forward the optimization measures on the level of nation, region and individual.