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ISSN 1003-2053　CN 11-1805/G3
科学学研究

科学学研究 ›› 2017, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (6): 824-833.

• 科学学理论与方法 • 上一篇    下一篇

从《科学：无止境的前沿》到美国科学基金会 —— 美国科技政策过程的一个经典案例

李宁1,赵兰香2   

  1. 1. Eastern Washington University
    2.
  • 收稿日期:2016-10-20 修回日期:2017-02-10 出版日期:2017-06-15 发布日期:2017-06-15
  • 通讯作者: 李宁

Science, the Endless Frontier and the Establishment of the National Science Foundation -- A Case Study of the US Science Policy Process

  • Received:2016-10-20 Revised:2017-02-10 Online:2017-06-15 Published:2017-06-15

摘要： 本文旨在回顾与分析了从《科学，无止境的前沿》发表到美国科学基金会（NSF）建立的政策过程。本文首先简要介绍了美国公共政策过程的主要阶段，概括了NSF建立的政策过程，以及政策专家和主要参与者的作用。随后，按照议程设定、政策设计、政策择定和政策实施的顺序详细回顾了NSF的案例。通过分析讨论，提出了如下观点：（1）美国战后的科学政策是保守与自由两种理念共同作用的结果；（2）NSF的成立过程充满了争论、妥协，与各利益团体的相互作用；（3）这个过程中，没有完全的胜利者，也没有完全的失败者。Bush本人赢得了理念，但部分输掉了机构设计。

关键词: NSF, 科学政策, 政策过程

Abstract: This paper traces and analyzes the public policy process from the Report Science, the Endless Frontier to the establishment of the National Science Foundation (NSF). A brief overview of the policy process is presented; major policy entrepreneurs and key participants in the policy process are identified. Each stage of policy-making process is discussed in detail following the sequence of agenda setting, alternative specification, authoritative choice among alternatives, and policy implementation. The author argues that: (1) the postwar science policy was greatly influenced by a hybrid of two popular concepts: the conservative and the liberal; (2) the policy process of NSF was filled with debates, compromises, and interactions among key players; and (3) there were no absolutely winners or losers in this policy process, i.e., Bush finally triumphed in his ideas but partially failed his version of organizational design.

Key words: NSF, Science Policy, Policy Process