Abstract: Based on a nationwide sample survey data, this paper explores the income disparity of R & D Personnel in China for the first time at the national level, using the measuring tools such as Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and Theil index. The results show that the income of researchers in China is relatively high in the whole society, and the income gap is not big in comparison with the residents, especially the distribution of the income of researchers in universities is the most average. From the perspective of unit type, region, professional field and professional title, the title has the greatest contribution to the income gap of Chinese researchers, followed by the professional field, and then the regional and unit type.