Abstract: National scientific research institutions are the important scientific and technological force of the country and the source of innovation for social progress. In the new period, the construction of national laboratories has become an important starting point for the construction of national scientific research system. In this construction process, the scientific and technological capacity is important, but it is also very important to grasp the participants and their relations. In order to explore the relationship between national scientific research institutions and enterprises and relevant scientific and technological policies in line with China's national conditions, this paper, based on Alexander Gerchenkron's advantage of backwardness theory, combined with Peter Hall and David Soskice's research on the varieties of capitalism in developed countries, selects the cooperation paradigms of three types of national scientific research institutions and enterprises represented by the United States, Germany and China, and analyzes the characteristics and differences of their cooperation fields. Based on the comparative analysis, it is proposed that China should give play to the government's control ability and macro-control ability in the current period of peaceful competition and the external environment with economic development as the primary task, implement the rights and responsibilities of all participants in the construction of national scientific research institutions through scientific and technological policies, increase basic research investment, improve the ownership of intellectual property rights, and smooth the two-way output of technology to promote the construction of national laboratory system.