Abstract: Building the demand oriented regional innovation system and improving regional innovation capability are the important basis for high-quality development of regional economy. Based on the strategy of "Four-Orientation" of scientific and technological innovation, this paper constructs the China's regional innovation system from the ability to explore the frontiers of world's science and technology, the ability to promote national economic development, the ability to serve national major needs and the ability to protect people's life and health. It is found that, on the whole, China's regional innovation capability presents an olive shaped distribution of "1+4" at five levels. The three major international scientific and technological innovation centers in Beijing, Shanghai and the Great Bay Area of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao have become the growth poles leading the development of regional innovation in China. Regional innovation effectiveness gap is still very obvious, higher in the Eastern and Southern regions than Western and Northern regions. Scientific research activities and innovation elements are highly concentrated in a few central cities, which will lead to the widening and polarization of regional innovation effectiveness gap. Meanwhile, the ability to protect people's life and health is relatively balanced.