Abstract: Provincial laboratories are an important platform for gathering all kinds of innovative resources and building national strategic S&T forces under the new national system. In the process of promoting the construction of provincial laboratories, it is crucial to create an excellent ecology of S&T talents. Taking Zhejiang Laboratory as a case, using literature research method to sort out the background and history of the construction of provincial laboratories, analyzing the process of constructing the ecology of scientific and technological talents in provincial laboratories, proposing five ecological factors such as scientific research facilities, project funding, talent team, organizational culture, institutional mechanism, etc., combining with the field observation of the case site and the interview data to analyze the mechanism of ecological factors on the gathering of S&T talents in the provincial laboratory, and providing empirical support for the high-quality development of the provincial laboratories in China.