Abstract: Basic research plays a key role in technological innovation and social and economic development. It is of great significance to understand the layout of basic research and optimize and adjust the layout in time. Based on the ESI database, four countries including China, the United States, Japan and Germany are analyzed from three aspects: all published papers, Top papers, and basic discipline papers, and discipline weights and polarization indicators are used to reveal the focus and balance of the basic research layout of each country. In terms of the layout focus, China's dominant disciplines are concentrated in the engineering and science categories, and the basic discipline structure is relatively balanced. In comparison, space science and life science are relatively weak. The United States has more dominant disciplines and a more comprehensive layout. The United States, Japan and Germany focus more on the fields of life sciences, medicine, and space sciences. In the past ten years, China’s basic research has developed rapidly, the total weight of disciplines has been increasing, and the degree of polarization has been decreasing. The contribution to the world’s basic research has become greater and greater, and its development has become more and more comprehensive and balanced. The United States still occupies a dominant position, but it is showing a downward trend. In particular, the development of basic disciplines in China has been remarkable in the past five years, and its overall contribution to world science has approached that of the United States. The development pattern of Japan and Germany is basically stable. On the whole, our country has developed relatively rapidly, and the distribution of disciplines is focused, but the balance needs to be further developed. The future development strategy of basic research and basic disciplines should be based on country's actual conditions, taking into account the social and economic needs and the internal logic of discipline development, coordinating the proportions of different disciplines, and optimizing the layout of basic research.

摘要： 基础研究在科技创新和社会经济发展中起到关键作用，认识基础研究的布局结构，及时对布局进行优化调整具有重要意义。基于ESI数据库，从发表的所有论文、Top论文、基础学科论文三个方面对中美日德四国进行分析，使用学科权重和偏振度指标揭示各个国家的基础研究布局重点和均衡性。在布局重点上，中国的优势学科集中于工学和理学类别，基础学科结构相对比较均衡，但空间科学和生命科学较弱。美国优势学科较多，布局较全面。美日德更多侧重在生命科学、医学、空间科学领域发展。近十年来，中国的基础研究发展较为迅速，对世界基础研究的贡献越来越大，发展越来越全面、均衡。美国仍然占据优势地位，但呈现回落的趋势。特别是近五年中国基础学科发展较为显著，对世界基础学科发展的贡献已经接近美国。日本和德国的发展格局基本稳定。总体来看，我国近十年发展较为迅速，学科布局重点突出，但是均衡性还有待进一步发展。未来基础研究、基础学科的发展战略，应当结合我国实际情况，兼顾社会经济需要和学科发展的内在逻辑，协调不同学科门类的比例，优化基础研究布局。