Abstract: As an abnormal situation, what role should play of experts in major emergencies? The existing literature pays more attention to the role of experts in the normal situation, and there is very little research on the role of expert in the abnormal situation. Based on the assumption of linear relationship between knowledge attribute and expert role, this paper establishes four ideal roles of expert in major emergencies. In reality, the ideal roles of expert are structurally constrained by factors such as government, academic community, and the public. In this way, this paper constructs the mechanism relationship between knowledge attribute, expert roles and expert system in major emergencies. On this basis, the paper puts forward suggestions for the expert system construction in major emergencies in China.

摘要： 突发重大事件作为非常态情境，专家应当负载何种角色？已有文献更多关注的是常态情境下的专家角色，对非常态情境下的专家角色研究甚少。论文从知识属性与专家角色的线性关系出发，以突发重大事件中呈现出的四类知识属性为依据，确立了专家的四种理想角色。专家的理想角色在现实中受到学术共同体、政府和公众科学素养等因素的结构性约束，这构成了突发重大事件中专家体制建设的关键。由此，知识属性、专家角色与专家体制之间就建立了内在的机理关系。在此基础上，论文从“价值-结构-制度-角色”的逻辑关系出发，提出了我国突发重大事件中专家体制建设的主要内容。