As an abnormal situation, what role should play of experts in major emergencies? The existing literature pays more attention to the role of experts in the normal situation, and there is very little research on the role of expert in the abnormal situation. Based on the assumption of linear relationship between knowledge attribute and expert role, this paper establishes four ideal roles of expert in major emergencies. In reality, the ideal roles of expert are structurally constrained by factors such as government, academic community, and the public. In this way, this paper constructs the mechanism relationship between knowledge attribute, expert roles and expert system in major emergencies. On this basis, the paper puts forward suggestions for the expert system construction in major emergencies in China.
Disruptive technology, as an important part of technological innovation, has become a powerful engine driving of technological change. How to discover and identify disruptive technologies earlier, is of great significance, which is helpful for enterprises and countries to grasp the opportunities of technological development. For this reason, this paper proposes a technological disruptive potential identification model based on patent bibliometric. Firstly, we summarized the properties and characteristics of disruptive technology. Secondly, based on patent database, we built the quantitative index to characterize technical disruptive properties. The disruptive indexes include technical fusion index, technical novelty index, technical expansion index, and technical influence index. Thirdly, we used entropy method and fuzzy consistent matrix method to quantitative measure disruptive potential of technology. Finally, we choose five technologies to carry out empirical research from three aspects: 1) cooperation of traditional technology with disruptive technology in same field, 2) cooperation of disruptive technologies in different period, 3) cooperation of disruptive technologies in different field. In this way, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed. Meanwhile, the empirical research can further demonstrate the applicability of the disruptive potential index.
This paper analyzes the influence mechanism and effect of industrial policy on R&D investment growth and disparity. Taking the listed companies of Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2008 to 2019 as the research object, the empirical results show that: The R&D investment intensity of enterprises supported by industrial policy is higher, and increases faster than that of unsupported enterprises. In the industries supported by the policy, the gap between enterprises' R&D investment has widened, resulting in the "Matthew effect" of R&D investment differentiation. The support bias analysis of industrial policy shows that high-tech enterprises with high R&D investment, high R&D personnel density can promote faster growth of R&D investment, and there is a selection mechanism of superior survival of the fittest in resource allocation within the same industry. Further analysis shows that government subsidies and tax incentives play a partial mediating effect between industrial policy and R&D investment. There is a certain degree of induced rather than spontaneous R&D investment growth, and the subsidy is a major factor in widening the R&D investment gap within the industry, while tax incentives promote joint R&D investment growth without exacerbating the R&D investment disparity. In addition, the growth rate of policy-supported enterprises relative to unsupported enterprises in the manufacturing sector is lower than that of non-manufacturing enterprises, and industrial policy helps to boost patent applications by improving investment in research and development. This paper provides a policy reference for the implementation and optimization of industrial policy and the promotion of R&D investment.
Differenting from the fixed paradigm of existing research on agglomeration issues, this paper puts forward the concept of “inducible agglomeration” based on whether there is government intervention,and builds indicators to measure the intensity of government-induced agglomeration, and measures the index with the data of China’s industrial enterprises database. Then, combining theoretical deduction and empirical research, this paper examines the resource misallocation channels that government-induced agglomeration affects economic growth. In the part of theoretical analysis, this paper differentiates the two situations of “active agglomeration” and “inducible agglomeration” to deduce, and puts forward the theoretical hypothesis that government-induced agglomeration affects resource mismatch and thus economic growth. The empirical part makes a textual research on the theoretical hypothesis from the macro-perspective and micro-enterprise level. The results show that: first, government-induced agglomeration has distinct regional heterogeneity.Concretely, in areas with high level of economic development, government-induced agglomeration has a positive effect on economic growth,and also, government-induced agglomeration is more effective in areas with high mismatch of resources, and its impact on economic growth is greater in areas with high mismatch of capital than in areas with high mismatch of labor. The micro-level arguments also support the above conclusions. Secondly, the enterprises in development zones do have advantages over those in non-development zones in reducing resource mismatch and economic growth, but the advantages are relatively weak, and the TFP of enterprises in development zones is uneven. Both of them may be the reasons for the negative effect of government-induced agglomeration on the whole. Thirdly, the case analysis shows that the economic growth in the central region is more allocated to the enterprises with larger TFP, which effectively promotes the regional economic growth, but the backward or low TFP enterprises survive in the market, which also leads to the urgent need to promote the optimization of business environment in the central region. Fourthly, the scale of enterprises cluster in the park, which includes all kinds of factors, still promotes the regional economic growth, which emphasizes that the government intervention needs to strengthen the effectiveness.
Modern public decision is becoming increasingly dependent on the support of scientific expertise. A well-functioning sci-tech consulting system is an important measure for guaranteeing the implementation of decision-making in a scientific way. At the same time, it is also a significant symbol of modern national governance systems and that which reflects the modernization level of governance abilities. This paper outlines a Japanese sci-tech consultation system and summarizes its characteristics, the brief rundown of which is presented as follows. On the one hand, this decision-making system has been embedded with a set of consultation system that is presided by Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI), takes various Councils as the main subjects, and adopts a top-down consultation opinion provision approach in support of the decision-making. On the other hand, outside the decision-making system, there are academic and industrial consulting systems led by Japanese academic committees, which adopts a bottom-up approach in offering advice, suggestions, and decision-making references. These two consulting systems complement and embrace each other, which finally contributes to the symbiosis and integration of Japanese sci-tech decision-making and consultation. This paper conducts an in-depth analysis of the features and causes of Japan’s sci-tech consulting system from three aspects: (1) the institutionalization and systematization. Most of the consulting organs in the decision-making system are institutionalized, whose establishment, membership, functions, etc. take the clear stipulations in laws or government decrees as the principles; the related administrative organs responsible for scientific decision-making, ranging from the cabinet, provincial governments to local governments, are equipped with corresponding consulting organs to provide decision-making support; under the overall leadership of CSTI, various types of consulting organs at all levels have formed a division of labor and cooperation with their own focuses; (2) the integration and embeddability. The consulting process of sci-tech decision-making is deeply embedded in the decision-making process, and decision-making and consulting have the features of integration and symbiosis. Consulting organs, represented by councils, are one type of administrative organ. The Japanese administrative system itself has been embedded with consulting organs and consulting functions, and has become an important place where multiple forces and subjects like experts, stakeholders, industry, the public, and administrative officials interact to promote policy compilation;(3) the “two wheels” of the sci-tech consulting system led by CSTI and Science Council of Japan. The “two wheels” are distinctive in function positioning and cooperative in division of labor. As the highest consulting organ in the sci-tech field, CSTI leads and promotes policy compilation in a “top-down” approach. The Science Council of Japan, as the highest academic institution representative of the scientific community, adopts a “bottom-up” model to extensively collect and assimilate opinions and suggestions from the scientific community. The “two wheels” cooperate and coordinate intimately to promote the inclusive development of different consulting entities inside and outside the system.This paper compiled the general sci-tech plan used in Japan into a research case, from which the contributions of sci-tech consultations toward major sci-tech decisions in Japan, and relevant experience China can learn from, were analyzed and summarized.
As the trade friction between China and the United States continues, the cultural differences between countries have become an important factor affecting international trade. This article measures the cultural heterogeneity with the new cultural distance. Under the conditions of controlling the institutional distance, geographical distance and differences in digital technology applications, the 2008-2017 integrated panel data is used to empirically test the mechanism and effect of cultural heterogeneity on manufacturing export. The results show that: (1) cultural heterogeneity helps to increase the export scale of manufacturing; (2) the impact of cultural heterogeneity on exports has two kinds of "multiple demand positive effect" and "transaction cost reverse effect" Mechanism; (3) The application of digital technology weakens the positive effect of diversified demand and the reverse effect of transaction costs, and overall reduces the positive effect on manufacturing exports. Therefore, policy should pay attention to the complementarity between technology and culture, and promote the development of international trade through the two-wheel drive of culture and technology.
The improvement of the sophistication of inter-provincial outflows not only determines the exertion of China’s big country effect, but also determines the high-quality development of China’s economy. Therefore, based on the input-output tables of China’s 30 provinces for 6 years, this paper uses several methods to systematically analyze the sophistication of China’s inter-provincial outflows from 1987 to 2012. The main findings are as follows: (1) The sophistication of China’s inter-provincial outflows increases significantly, and all provinces show a convergence trend. (2) The inter-provincial outflows sophistication of coastal provinces is higher than that of inland provinces, but the inland provinces have obvious catch-up effect. (3) In the process of increasing the sophistication of China’s interprovincial outflows, intra-sector effect plays a major role, while inter-sector effect plays a minor role. (4) The improving path of the sophistication of China’s inter-provincial outflows is reasonable, which is growth-oriented and accompanied with the reduction of inter-provincial inequality. (5) The ranking level of each province’s inter-provincial outflows sophistication has certain stability; however, the provinces in the middle and high grades still face a greater risk of downgrade, and the provinces in the lower grades have a greater difficulty in achieving a grade jump.
Under the national innovation system, appropriate patent protection strength is the institutional guarantee for value creation function of innovation system. This paper constructs patent system index by using comprehensive evaluation method to measure patent protection strength of 52 countries from 2006 to 2017. Based on the measured index, models are established to explore the impact of economic development, the level of transnational technology diffusion and basic scientific research capabilities on the patent protection strength. The result shows that: National income level, transnational technology diffusion and basic scientific research capacity are positively correlated with the strength of patent protection; Low- and lower-middle-income countries are affected by international trade status and domestic market pressure, which may lead to inappropriate patent protection strength; Upper-middle-income countries enable to explore the strength of patent protection which is suitable for their economic development; In high-income countries, the primary role of national patent system will be converted to protecting and stimulating innovation, rather than increasing the total social welfare directly.
By the empirical research from 78 leaders and 325 members in R&D team of high-tech enterprises in Yangtze River Delta region, this paper studies the influence of ambidextrous leadership characterized by transformational and transactional leadership on the creativity of high-tech enterprise R&D team, as well as the moderating roles of team differential atmosphere and team trust in this process. The main conclusions are as follows: ①Ambidextrous leadership has a significant positive impact on the creativity of R&D team, and the positive impact of ambidextrous leadership on the creativity of R&D team is better than that of single transformational or transactional leadership; ②Team differential atmosphere plays a negative moderating role between ambidextrous leadership and the creativity of R&D team; ③Team trust moderates the team differential atmosphere, and then enhance the positive relationship between the ambidextrous leadership and the creativity of R&D team, which means that team trust plays a secondary moderating role between ambidextrous leadership and the creativity of R&D team.
Industry-university-research（IUR） practice in China is gradually moving from cooperation to a new stage of integration. Many enterprises have formed IUR alliance portfolios with themselves as the main body and diversified partners closely connected. Compared with state-owned enterprises, however, private enterprises have obvious deficiencies in the behavior and results of such portfolio configurations. Drawing on institutional logic theory, this study analyzes the influence of private ownership on IUR alliance portfolio diversity, and investigates the moderating effects of “government and market” dual institutional logics in the context of China's transition economy. The empirical study of Chinese listed automobile firms suggests that private enterprises tend to form less diversified IUR alliance portfolios; the higher degree of regional marketization in which enterprises are embedded and the more government innovation subsidies they obtain will respectively weaken such negative influence; while the combined effect of the two could not further strengthen the weakening effect of the negative influence. This research provides a valuable reference for promoting and leading the IUR deep integration of private enterprises in the context of China's transition economy.
Cooperative innovation project is an important basic unit of open innovation. Based on the survey data from 209 innovation projects of high-tech enterprises, this paper investigates the impact of co-exploitation and co-exploration on innovation performance at different project stages, as well as the moderation role of appropriability mechanisms. The finding suggests that co-exploitation has a positive impact on innovation performance in both early stage and late stage of project, while co-exploration has a positive impact on innovation performance only during the early stage. The formal appropriability mechanism negatively moderates the relationship between co-exploitation and innovation performance in the early stage of the project, while having a positively moderates such relationship in the late stage of the project. The informal appropriability mechanism positively moderates the relationship between co-exploration and innovation performance in the early stage of the project.
The value-capture for innovators in the digital economy requires better understanding the dynamics of innovation platform and ecosystem. The innovation ecosystem governance and the intellectual property strategies implementation are significantly improving the standardization efficiency. Based on a historical literatures investigation into a cross-generational multi-case in the mobile communications industry, it systematically examines the co-evolution of innovation ecosystem governance and the relevant strategic intellectual property management; discusses the interplay between the appropriation mechanism, intellectual property regime, and profiting from innovation. The findings shows: first, with the standard generation changes, the governance of innovation ecosystem has experienced four evolutionary trends, and intellectual property rights have become an important measure for standard innovation ecosystem governance in the mobile communications industry; secondly, the management of intellectual property has experienced a strategic evolution path from anti-patent, pro-patent, pro-licensing, to pro-litigation sequentially; thirdly, in an open innovation environment, the appropriation mechanism, complementary and substitutional accets, and the intellectual property strategy interacts with each other. Company with different complementary or substitutional accet advantages have different stratigic appropriation and path choice.
