Abstract: The public policy formulation in the early 20th century has moved toward a scientific and rational path. But neither could the post-normal science provide the clear answer for policy making, nor reduce the increasing risks and uncertainties. At present, emerging concepts such as “model 2 of knowledge production”, “division of epistemic labor” and “civil participation in science” have emerged in the field of science and policy, which together point to the democratization trend of expertise –to adapt to policy disputes in highly complex and highly uncertain situations，we must reopen the cognitive commitment of science and re-understand science, scientific production and decision making in a different knowledge paradigm，which emphasizing non-professional and contextual application than traditional models. This means breaks the normative commitment and premise presupposition of professional knowledge, giving citizens wisdom and scientific experts equal status in ability and achieving an open and diverse consultation between them. In the field of science, the democratization of expertise leads to the cognitive transformation of science; in the policy field, it breaks through the dilemma of scientific and democratization of decision-making and lead to the more expanded citizen participation.
Knowledge Democracy provides a new way of legitimatizing knowledge production, which aims for solving the crisis of trust in knowledge. It endows knowledge production with certainty, equaltiy and pbulic trust. However, democracy has never been unconditional. Similarly, knowledge democracy is also constrained by subjectivity and publicness. Subjectivity is represented by the development in public spirit, multi-governance models and a culture of lifelong learning, and the corresponding requirement on individual rationality, responsibility and individual knwoledge; publicness varies a lot in odifferent disciplinary knowledge and different phases of knowledge producion. Knowledge domocracy, as a new trend in theory, is inevitable and in line with social practice. However, it also faces great difficulties and chanllenges. It has an impact on traditional public policy-making, social governance and democracy. It also requires combating with different interests in knowledge production and being considered and developed in a more grand scale.
This article explores the factors influencing the Nobel Prize winning probability from the academic influence of the Nobel Prize nominees and the status of the nominators based on the Nobel Prize in Physics from 1901 to 1950 as an example. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression model were used to test empirically. Research shows that the higher Nobel Prize nominee's Highest Citation of One Article in the academic influence is, the greater probability of winning a Nobel Prize becomes，while the Nobel Prize nominee's H-index has no significant positive effect on winning Nobel Prize. The more Nobel’s nominee identities are the members of the Royal Society of Switzerland’s Royal Academy or the Nobel Committee, the greater the probability of winning the Nobel Prize nominees. While nominee status is a former Nobel laureate and has no significant effect on the probability of winning a Nobel Prize.
The direct and the indirect effect of environmental regulation having on TFP（Total factor productivity）of manufacturing are researched in the article, an econometric model has been established as well. When researching into the detail influences of environmental regulation having on TFP of manufacturing in Yangtze River Economic Belt, tourism revenue is treated as the instrumental variable of environmental regulation, dealing with endogeneity. By checking the results, we can find it that: ①Environmental regulation will have a direct negative effect on TFP of manufacturing in Yangtze River Economic Belt, while it can also have an indirect positive influence on TFP of manufacturing by stimulating technological innovation and management improving. ②Environmental regulation will have a more remarkable effect on traditional industries. ③The effect environmental regulation has on TFP of manufacturing is significant in the upper and middle Yangtze, while it is insignificant in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
This paper estimates the R&D capital stock in manufacturing industry in the framework of SNA, which could provide more reliable data for subsequent economic analysis. Firstly, we use auxiliary indicators and statistical tests to estimate and adjust R&D expenditure and its composition, and solve the problems of industry classification and statistical range; Secondly, within the framework of SNA(2008), this paper transforms R&D expenditure to R&D investment, and uses BEA approach to estimate the R&D capital stock in 28 two-digit manufacturing industries from 1990 to 2016; Finally, a further comparative analysis is made to put forward targeted policy recommendations. The results show that the R&D capital stock in manufacturing industry has a rapid growth; the high-tech industry represented by computer, communications and other electronic equipment manufacturing is the main force of scientific and technological innovation but it has no obvious effect on basic research and traditional manufacturing; some industries of traditional manufacturing have been the new growth points of R&D capital stock although the contribution of traditional manufacturing has been decreased.
To measure the Technical Sophistication Index of manufacturing industry is an important way to analysis the technological level of a country. Based on the input-output table, this paper takes per capita R&D investment as an indicator variable, identifies intermediate inputs in international trade, and puts forward an improved method to measure the Complex Technical Sophistication Index of Chinese exports goods. The results show that the CTSI and DCTSI of china have been significantly improved, which is closely related to Policy of attracting foreign investment and active obtainment technology spillovers. However, there is still a big gap between China and the developed countries. There is a possibility of further expansion, we must arouse sufficient vigilance.
Aimed at the comprehensive evaluation problem of how to evaluate the development level of provincial science and technology (S&T) in China，the shortcomings and problems in the existing research is analyzed. Firstly，some principles to construct index system of S&T are given，and a set of index system for evaluating the development level of S&T is developed. Secondly，this paper proposes a new evaluation method of provincial S&T development level based on dual driven. The dual driven are function-driven and differential driven respectively. The function driven is used to evaluate the development capacity and the differential driven is used to evaluate the balance degree of provincial S&T. A new objective determination method of weights is also developed corresponding to the differential driven. Finally，according to the index system and evaluation method proposed，the S&T development level of 31 provinces in China in 2016 is evaluated，and the evaluation results are analyzed. The results show that the best three provinces of S&T development level are Beijing，Shanghai and Guangdong，and the worst three are Tibet，Inner Mongolia and Qinghai. There is a large gap between the best three provinces and the worst three. In general，each of the 31 provinces of S&T development is relatively balanced and does not emphasize the development of some indexes.
Government investment in basic research and applied research was introduced into Romer’s innovation-driven growth model. By solving general equilibrium and numerical simulation, it finds that government investment in basic research has greater effect on sustainable economic growth than that in applied research. In addition, it explored the Dynamic impact relationship among government investment in basic research and applied research and economic growth with data of 1991-2015 through time series Var model. The results show that firstly government investment in applied research has greater effect on short-term economic growth, but the effect on long-term economic growth by government investment in basic research is much greater. Secondly, maximizing the promotion to economic growth, government investment in applied research needs 5 periods, but government investment in basic research needs 8 periods, so government investment in basic research take longer to play the extreme positive role. Thirdly, government investment in basic research not only promote economic growth directly, but also drive government investment in applied research to promote economic growth indirectly. That is to say government investment in basic research is the engine of economic growth. Such findings provide theoretical and empirical foundation for government R&D policy-making scientifically.
The “Retrospective research” is an important methods of academic research. Through it, select a period, to refine and screen the backtracking on an event, especially after it has been completed, find out the implicit rules and representative trends by the event, and provide some practical solutions to the facing problems by the similar events in the future. The two strategic plan and target selected in this paper are all defined officially and publicly by Japan ,and similar to the other countries’ ones. When discussing the “Human Frontier Science Program”, it bases on the research significance of Japan's national strategic plans and objectives, selects the period from the formulation and implementation to the present in 30 years, it reviews and explains the original intention and status quo of the plan. Then, compares with the latest “Society 5.0” goal set at the national background for Japan, try to provide predictions for the future direction of “Society 5.0” by discovering the implicit internal context of the two. Finally, on a larger level, it provides practical references for the formulation and implementation of national strategic plans that is not limited to Japan only.
With the development of globalization, technical standards have become an important means of competition among many countries. Due to the limitations of the knowledge base, a number of enterprise-led technical standard alliances have been established, which are a form of advanced strategic alliance. By using the questionnaire method, this paper selects 261 companies participating in standard alliances as research objects, and studies the relationship among knowledge integration capability, alliance management capability, relationship quality and technical standard alliance performance. This paper finds that both knowledge integration capability and alliance management capability have a positive effect on the technical standard alliance performance. In addition, relationship quality play a positive modulating role in the above relationship, in another words, as the relationship quality become better, knowledge integration capability and alliance management capability will give more positive effects on the technical standard alliance performance. In the end, this paper shows the conclusion, revelation, insufficient and prospect.
The entrepreneurship and innovation policies has enhanced the developments of mass entrepreneurship spaces with Chinese characteristics. In the article, the mechanism and dynamics of transformation from technology incubator to mass entrepreneurship space are discussed within the entrepreneurship and innovation policies. Two representative and large technology incubators were surveyed and interviewed for the investigation of the background and characteristics of the plan for the services of mass entrepreneurship space. The results show that the technology incubators launch the business of mass entrepreneurship space while exploring the possibility of transformation of traditional incubation and seizing the opportunities of advantages from the fitness of the policies and makers. The consensus of grass root from button to top lays the foundation of the mechanism of technology incubators’ transformation by opening the communication between makers and entrepreneurs, while the dynamics is driven by the policy-based localization of maker movement. The relevant groups accelerate the localization of the imported culture of maker and enrich the existing methods of technology incubation in the changing micro social-technical conditions and policy-based context in China.
Although Chinese entrepreneurial activities are under an active circumstance in the global economy, the rate of Chinese entrepreneurial success is still low. This is because China's entrepreneurship policy supply cannot match the heterogeneous entrepreneurial model well. Based on the perspective of supply and demand matching, the independent sample t-test method and the multilevel regression analysis method are employed to empirically analyze the impact mechanism of the matching of entrepreneurial policy and entrepreneurial model on entrepreneurial performance by using MOS model. The results show that: (1) The policies of stimulating motivations and improving skills help to enhance the self-efficacy of survival-driven entrepreneurs and provide them with more entrepreneurial resources and opportunities. (2)The policies of stimulating motivations and increasing opportunities help to enhance the entrepreneurial self-confidence of opportunity-driven entrepreneurs and enhance their professional knowledge and practical skills; (3) The policies of increasing opportunities and improving skills can expand the social relations network of innovation-driven entrepreneurs and improve their organizational management. In view of this, the government should adopt heterogeneous entrepreneurial policy supply measures. For survival-driven entrepreneurs, this paper suggests that government should focus on the entrepreneurial policy of motivation-stimulating and opportunity-increasing. Government should emphasize on the entrepreneurial policy of motivation-stimulating and skill-developing for opportunity-driven entrepreneurs. Furthermore, government should intensify the entrepreneurial policy of skill-improving and opportunity-increasing for innovation-driven entrepreneurs.
Abstract：Although the existing research examines the impact of business models, team characteristics and social network on the financing availability of startup enterprises, the theoretical findings have many contradictions. This study changes the analysis paradigm of the influence of single variables on the results, introduces the configuration perspective, and uses the qualitative comparative analysis based on configuration thinking to systematically examine the impact of configurations of business model innovation, team member diversity and relationship strength on financing availability of startup enterprises. The study found that there are four configurations to improve the financing availability of startup enterprises. Specifically, the startup enterprises can enhance their credit financing availability through the configurations of “high education diversity-novelty business model innovation-strong ties” and “high-function diversity-efficiency business model innovation”. The configurations of “high functional diversity-efficient business model innovation-weak relationship” configuration and “high function diversity- high education diversity -novelty business model innovation -weak ties” enhances the equity financing availability of startup enterprises. This paper builds a configuration model for the research of the financing availability of startup enterprises. Especially, different from previous studies focusing on social network, this study introduction a micro-behavior perspective of the interaction between the team member diversity and the business model. Eliminate the paradox of existing research and provide strategic implication for the financing decision-making of startup enterprises.
Using researchers working in the State Key Laboratories of China as a sample, this paper analyzes the impact of policy nudge, innovation search mechanism on the research performance. By constructing two single-mediator model and a double-mediator model with problem framing and boundary spanning mechanisms as the mediating constructs, we tested the proposed models through Bootstrap and PRODCLIN methods. Results show that policy nudge is positively related to the research performance; innovation search mechanism play a full mediating role in the impacting process of policy nudge on research performance; the paths of problem framing and boundary spanning are statistically significant in the mediating tests, but the impact of the former is less than that of the latter. This study enhances the previous studies by paying attention on the antecedent factors of innovation search and the impacts of policy on the individual behaviors.
Technology and demand are two important sources of innovation. Since there is a trajectory describing technological progress, there must be a trajectory describing the evolution of demand. Comparing the research progress of scholars on the technical trajectory, it is clear that the research on the demand trajectory is still in its infancy, such as whether the morphological characteristics of the demand trajectory are similar to the S-curve of the technical trajectory, and whether the new and old demand changes process is similar to the replacement process of new and old technologies. The question was not answered clearly. Selecting the evolution of demand for Chinese TV products from 1978 to 2018 as the research object summarizes and discusses the market replacement process for color CRT TVs. It is found that the consumer value proposition drives the continuous improvement of technical performance, and the synergy between price and technical performance constitutes two aspects of the evolution of demand. Through the technical performance and price curve of the demand structure, the demand evolution trajectory defined by the demand trajectory. The research results show that, the demand trajectory is composed of technical performance trajectories and price trajectories. The shape of the demand trajectory is the result of the combination of technical performance trajectories and price trajectories. Among them, the technical performance trajectory is a continuous curve with a slope upward, and there is no discontinuous characteristic.The continuous consumer demand desires to pull the relay connection of multiple intermittent technical trajectories. The price trajectory is composed of a number of intermittent curves, each of which is a curve with a downward slope. In theory, the research results provide new insights into the complex relationship between demand and technological development. In practice, the research results provide reference for late-developing companies to understand the rules of new products entering the mainstream market, provide reference for enterprises to launch new product advertising and marketing strategies, and also recognize the importance of technology in promoting product innovation for late-stage enterprises. Point to lay the foundation.
The theoretical research of innovation management needs to be expanded with the reality and theoretical evolution. The deconstruction and reconstruction of innovation management paradigm, is a process of adding gender dimension into innovation management theories. It helps to improve the quality of innovations, to undertake the responsibilities of gender equality and to achieve social benefits. Gendered innovation management integrates feminist science, gender and science, gender and management practice, gender and innovation practice, as well as innovation management. Based on the whole process model of innovation, by using three kinds of gendered innovation strategies (fixing the institutions, fixing the knowledge, fixing the number), this research proposes the gendered fragmentation and reconstruction of technological innovation, including innovation strategy, plan, innovation project portfolio, creative development, R&D, manufacturing, commercialization and phased adjustment. It contributes to solve the gender blindness in the original innovation management process, constantly revise and improve the gender value orientation, achieve the feasibility of multiple integration in innovation management, as well as enhance humanistic care and moral acceptability.
Based on the exploratory case study method, this paper discusses the implementation context, implementation path and effect of open innovation. On the basis of in-depth analysis of the dynamic evolution of innovation context, open innovation and innovation ability, this paper tries to construct an integrated analysis model of "innovation context - open innovation - innovation ability". According to this research framework, the paper makes a longitudinal case study of Haier Group, which is representative in open innovation from 2009 to 2018. This paper enriches the core of open innovation, and interprets the connotation of open innovation from three aspects: node, transaction logic and type; defines the types of open innovation from eight dimensions: driving force, open node of innovation chain, transaction logic, knowledge flow, involved innovation resources, communication mode, communication frequency and core characteristics, which concludes IDOT, DPOT, DPCT and CCCT. The results show that the innovation context reflected by technological control and innovation activity is the basis for the choice of open innovation mode. Open innovation is a continuous and dynamic process of attracting, integrating, utilizing, releasing and diffusing innovation resources according to the environment and strategic choice of enterprises. As the innovation situation becomes more and more favorable, the open innovation goes through four stages: IDOT, DPOT, DPCT and CCCT, and innovation capability evolves along the path of "technological innovation capability-integrated innovation capability-ecological innovation capability". The theoretical contribution of this paper is that it enriches the core of open innovation, defines the types of open innovation, and puts forward COC model based on innovation context, dynamic evolution path of open innovation and innovation capability, which provides theoretical support and practical guidance for enterprises how to implement open innovation.
Abstract Based on the panel data of A-share listed companies of China's heavy polluted enterprises from 2013 to 2017, the Hansen panel threshold regression technique is adopted from a non-linear perspective, and government subsidy and environmental regulation are taken as the threshold variables respectively to explore the internal mechanism of the impact of government subsidy and environmental regulation on technological innovation input of enterprises. The results show that: (1) For heavy polluted enterprises, government subsidy has a significant U-shaped threshold effect on investment in technological innovation; (2) Environmental regulation has a positive nonlinear effect on investment in technological innovation, and this positive effect shows the characteristics of diminishing marginal efficiency. (3) In the case of the difference of government subsidy intensity, the impact of environmental regulation on technological innovation investment presents a positive nonlinear relationship, and when it exceeds the second threshold, the effect of environmental regulation on technological innovation is the strongest.
Accelerating the innovation of clean technology has become one of the key ways to tackle climate change in China and the development of clean technologies is closely related to the research subject and innovation process. However, the existing literature focuses on the innovation process and results analysis of clean technology, and lacks the exploration of the guiding role of research and development. According to Chinese patent data from 2009 to 2014 to construct the network, this paper analyzes the characteristics and evolution of the research subjects of China's clean technology from the perspective of patent network, and through main path analysis method to explore the evolution of innovation. The results show that, in the I-U-R co-exist network, the scale of the network is increasing and the types of cooperation between I-U-R are equalized gradually. With Beijing being the core, supplemented by the Yangtze River and the Pearl River Delta, the influence of I-U-R spatial patterns gradually increases. The co-exist networks are mainly competitive, hence the government needs to enhance technology inductions and political guides on the research and development of clean technology. In the I-U-R evolutionary network, the cooperation patterns evolve from type of I-U to I-R so making use of independent research and development capabilities and influence of research institutes and enterprises is becoming a focal point.
the R&D investment was decomposed into human capital investment and capital investment, capital investment index and technological innovation performance index were built. The panel threshold regression model was used to explore the impact of human capital investment and capital investment on technological innovation performance. It did an empirical research based on the panel data of China's patent intensive industries from 2006 to 2015. The result shows that the capital investment and human capital investment can promote the technological innovation performance, but the technology acquisition and renovation investment has the inhibition effect. There is a single threshold effect of capital investment on the technological innovation performance, the effect first promote and then inhibit. There is significant two-threshold effect of human capital investment on technological innovation performance, and the promotion effect first decrease and then increase. China's patent intensive industries generally pay too much attention to capital investment, and capital investment exceeds the threshold value, but human capital investment shows a high utilization efficiency.
The new generation of information technology faces the dual uncertainty of technology and market. Enhancing industrial technology innovation and stimulating firms to carry out innovation-oriented strategy have attracted attention from both scholars and practitioners. Taking perspectives from spatial agglomeration and social network embedding, this research examines the non-linear effect of firms’ external factors on technology innovation. This research adopts zero expansion negative binomial regression model to analyze data sample coming from 1966 cloud-computing firms in Shanghai. Results suggest that spatial agglomeration and technology innovation show a U-shaped relationship. Combined with the spatial distribution of Shanghai cloud-computing industry, the positive incentive effect of spatial agglomeration has not yet taken its effect. This research develops firms’ social network based on concurrent directors. Analysis shows that the network centrality has a positive effect on technology innovation. Findings of this research have implications for government’s innovation policy and firms’ innovation strategy.
