In the latter half of the 20th century, science and social order are more closely co-produced together, that is, the fact-producing and nature reshaping process in human practices are closely intertwined with the process of social order-building and social norms-constructing How scientific knowledge and social order are specifically established in the process? And how does cultural and social factors play a role in the process? Since the 1970s, scholars have already attempted to make explanations based on various researches, disclosing patterns of constitutive and interactional co-production, co-producing instruments and important factors, such as civic epistemologies, sociotechnical imaginaries, and constitutionalism. In the past decade, the theory of co-production has gradually become more sophisticated, constituting the core theory and a new research turn in the field of Science and Technology Studies, providing a powerful theoretical framework for analyzing the knowledge society and knowledge politics. The theory is still in need of being further developed by more extensive empirical and comparative studies.
The current global obesity problem is increasingly serious,it has a direct causal relation with the global food system which under control with the big food company represented by the Coca-Cola Company. In order to maximize profits, the Coca-Cola Company continues to increase investments on scientific research activities, and even abuse scientific research results and interfere with the autonomy of scientific research activities. This paper attempts to revealing the process of such packaging through Bourdieu's scientific field theory,in order to demonstrating the “pseudo-scientific” nature of big food, In this way, we can effectively resist the threat from the pseudo-health foods.and propose some corresponding solution strategies.
The frequency and intensity of natural disasters are increasing with the effects of climate warming. The impact of climate disasters on economic development is not completely consistent.
In this paper, Meta-regression analysis method is used to explore the general rules of how climate-related disasters affect social economy and the bias sources of result differences with 77 research papers and 1833 parameter estimates collected between research literatures from six aspects，which are data sources, disaster types, disaster variables, resilience factors, estimation methods and publication characteristics. The results show that: (1) climate-related disasters have significant impacts on both direct and indirect economies, but there are significant publication biases in direct economic loss studies. (2) The time span of disasters and the level of economic development in the original research literature have a great impact on the research results. The overall results of empirical research show that the impact on areas with low development level is more obvious. (3) Resilience factors such as GDP, education, investment, openness, population density, institutional level and disaster aid affect the research results in varying degrees, and there are differences in the role of direct economic losses and indirect economic losses. The specific economic impacts and mechanisms of various resilience factors in different research samples need to be clarified in the future. The conclusions obtained in this paper can provide new ideas for economic research on climate disasters.
Based on the perspective of network forms of organization, we analyse three world-class competitiveness clusters in Norway and three related cluster programs. The results show that: (1) the World-class competitiveness cluster is a multi-dimensional innovation network interwoven by a governance network, a R&D cooperation network and an international cooperation network,which involves multi-agent, multi-stage and multi-program, complex and dynamic open collaborative innovation. (2) Norway's "three cluster programs" focus on the construction of the above-mentioned "three networks", aiming at creating a world-class innovation network with global influence and competitiveness based on the logic of regional agglomeration, knowledge spillover and collaborative innovation.Finally,we put forward several proposals about cultivating world-class competitiveness clusters in China.
Based on the panel data of fifteen segments of China's manufacturing from 2000 to 2016, the research measures the inter-industry R&D spillovers from vertical (including forward and backward) and horizontal dimensions, and then examines the effects that inter-industry R&D spillovers make and the threshold effects of human capital on the spillovers. Furthermore examine the industrial heterogeneities of inter-industry spillover effects. The results demonstrate that: every inter-industry R&D spillovers can contribute to TFP, but the R&D investment is still the core factor that effecting TFP. Human capital restricts the spillover effects and makes them non-linear. The level of human capitals in six low-tech industries such as food and tobacco industry need to be improved. The classification studies reveal that the growth of TFP in high-tech industries mainly depends on R&D stock. There's no virtuous circle forming among the inter-industry R&D spillovers. The low-tech industries rely more on technological advances in related industries, while the endogenous innovation is not enough.
There are significant differences in the impact of financial development on the upgrading of industrial structure in different dimensions. based on the multi-sector endogenous growth model and the revised AK model, this paper constructs the mathematical model embedding the nonlinear influence mechanism of financial development to explore the mechanism of financial development on the upgrading of industrial structure firstly. Secondly, In the perspective of functional evolution, from the two dimensions of financial scale and financial efficiency and combining with panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2004 to 2016, the paper uses the Panel smooth transition regression model (PSTR) to test the nonlinear continuous influence relationship of financial development on industrial structure upgrading. The empirical results found that:(1) There is a clear first-increment and post-reduction relationship between the financial scale and the upgrading of industrial structure, and the improvement of financial efficiency has a positive impact on the upgrading of industrial structure;(2) There are significant regional differences in the impact of financial scale and financial efficiency on industrial structure. The financial scale and financial efficiency of the western region have a promoting effect on the upgrading of industrial structure; The relationship between the financial scale and the industrial structure in the central region is characterized by first suppression and promotion, and the promotion effect of financial efficiency is not obvious; The excessive expansion of the financial scale in the eastern region has restrained the optimization of industrial structure to a certain extent, and improving financial efficiency has become an important means to break through the bottleneck of the financial scale and promote the upgrading of industrial structure.
Current literature argues that CEO features play an important role in the firm’s innovative development. Then how do CEO features and R&D investment jointly affect firm performance? This paper employs the World Bank's 2012 survey data on Chinese enterprises to study the impact of CEO experience, CEO gender and R&D investment on firm performance. The empirical results show that R&D investment has a significant positive impact on firm performance, while CEO experience has a non-linear impact on firm performance. Further empirical analysis shows that CEO gender has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between R&D investment and firm performance. When the CEO is a woman, R&D investment may have a stronger effect on firm performance. CEO experience also has a non-linear moderating effect on the relationship between R&D investment and firm performance. The initial accumulation of CEO's experience strengthens the positive impact of R&D investment on firm performance. However, when the CEO’s experience is overloaded, the positive moderating effect of CEO experience begins to decline or even becomes negative. This work contributes to both innovation management, agency theory and emerging gender studies.
With the promotion of the strategic deployment of "mass entrepreneurial and mass innovation" in China, the enthusiasm of the people for entrepreneurship has been ignited. However, the supply system of entrepreneurial funding in China is still not perfect, some new entrepreneurs are lost in choosing entrepreneurial orientation. Based on the GEM index system, this paper analyzed the influence mechanism of entrepreneurial funding on entrepreneurial orientation of new entrepreneurs, and also explored the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy on entrepreneurial orientation of new entrepreneurs with the help of Social Cognitive Theory. The results showed that: (1) entrepreneurial funding can not only promote new entrepreneurs to pursue product research and development, but also encourage new entrepreneurs to implement scale expansion. Relatively speaking, financial support can better drive the scale expansion of new entrepreneurs, government projects and tax incentives can better motivate new entrepreneurs to pursue product research and development. (2) entrepreneurial funding can enhance new entrepreneurs the perception of entrepreneurial opportunities, self-ability and network relationships, and also improve the tolerance of entrepreneurial risks, their self-efficacy, furthermore, promote to realize scale expansion or pursuit of product development.(3) compared with OECD countries, financial supports, government projects and tax incentives of non-OECD countries need to be improved, that lead to the weakly incentive effect on new entrepreneurs pursuing product development.
The survey based on 182 entrepreneurs show that the entrepreneurship of young people in Zhongguancun is mainly opportunistic entrepreneurship, and it has obvious characteristics of Internet and high technology, and has strong entrepreneurship-driven employment effect and higher entrepreneurship returns；the entrepreneurship quality is generally recognized as composed of 14 indicators of entrepreneurship characteristics, family education, school education, self-efforts and entrepreneurship environment in Zhongguancun are all factors to improve the youth's entrepreneurship quality, but their role space and contribution rate are different; the best ways to improve entrepreneurship quality are different. Families should carry out early education with good positive personality and entrepreneurship characteristics as the core, schools should promote educational reform with Entrepreneurship knowledge and entrepreneurship ability as the core，local government should promote entrepreneurship training, build a platform for cooperation and exchange, and encourage entrepreneurship practice education with " learning by starting a business " as the core, forming a coordinated troika, so as to jointly improve the entrepreneurship quality of the youth.
The role of breakthrough inventions in enterprise participation in global technology and market competition has been widely recognized, while how to create breakthrough inventions is still a hot issue of academic and business circles. Based on the knowledge search and recombination perspective and team learning theory, this paper focuses on the direct and interactive impact of diversity and novelty of knowledge combination on the formation of breakthrough inventions, and reveals the moderating effect of inventor team size on the relationship between knowledge combination characteristics and breakthrough inventions formation. Then, the empirical test was conducted with 8334 granted invention patents in the field of nanotechnology from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) during1989-2012. The results show that, first, compared with the diversity of knowledge combination, the novelty of knowledge combination has more significant positive impact on the formation of breakthrough inventions. Meanwhile, the diversity of knowledge combination and the novelty of knowledge combination have a significant positive interaction effect on the formation of breakthrough inventions. Second, the inventor team size has a significant positive moderating effect on the relationship between the diversity of knowledge combination and breakthrough inventions formation, but exerts a nonsignificant negative moderating effect on the relationship between the novelty of knowledge combination and breakthrough inventions formation. This study reveals the formation mechanism of breakthrough inventions from the perspective of both knowledge elements and inventors, which has important implications for firms’ team building and knowledge combination strategy in the pursuit of breakthrough inventions.
Micro-innovation of SMEs is faced with the problem of spontaneous blindness and uncertainty of results. The key to the problem is the answer to the implementation paths of micro-innovation. Based on the in-depth interview data of 44 enterprises in 5 cities of Zhejiang Province, using the grounded theory of qualitative research method and with the help of Nvivo 11.0 software auxiliary coding, the implementation strategies of micro-innovation, which are coupled and progressive, such as user interaction, trial-and-error learning, rapid iteration, cross-boundary integration, and single-point breakthrough, are concluded. Then preliminarily construct a new development path model of SMEs.The implementation of micro-innovation relies on three key mechanisms: user interaction mechanism, iterative trial-and-error mechanism and cross-border integration mechanism. Among them, the user interaction mechanism runs through the whole process of micro-innovation, the iterative trial-and-error mechanism makes micro-innovation spiral upward, and the cross-border integration mechanism guarantees the advancement of micro-innovation. By analyzing the development path of Micro-innovation of SMEs and summarizing the key mechanism of their successful realization, the relevant theoretical research has been improved, and it has positive guiding significance for the practice of SMEs.
The choice between explorative innovation and exploitative innovation is critical for high-performing firms’ long-term development. Integrating the performance feedback perspective and attention-based view, it explores the different influential mechanisms of the relative performance above social and historical aspirations on firms’ innovation decision about exploration and exploitation. Based on a panel data of Chinese listed companies from 2011 to 2016, combined with text analysis, the empirical findings show that: on the one hand, the relative performance above social aspiration strengthens TMTs’ attention to exploitative innovation; The lower the consistency of performance feedback based on social and historical aspirations is, the weaker the above relationship is. Meanwhile, the relative performance above historical aspiration strengthens the TMT attention to explorative innovation. The lower the consistency of the two kinds of performance feedback is, the weaker the above relationship is. On the other hand, the TMT attention to innovation plays a full intermediary role for the relationships between the relative performance above aspirations and the innovation outcomes. The research results reveal the internal mechanism of how high-performance companies choose between explorative and exploitative innovations, and provide guidance for how managers and scholars should interpret the relative performance above aspirations.
Driven by Artificial Intelligence and big data, the business logic of retail enterprises has changed from the traditional “products-marketplace-customers” to “customers-products-marketplace”. New retail has been born since the precise connection between customers and products has been achieved through the context-based business model. Thus, grounded in the rich data obtained from case study of TSUTAYA bookstore and on the new theoretical basis of service-oriented logic, value factor method and value co-creation et al, we explore how retail enterprises innovate their business models with context, and why the context-based business model innovation can double the value and what the value-in-context is. In addition, we find out the characteristics and rules of the context-based business model innovation, and summarize the value creation path and evolution mechanism of context-based business model to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the industrialization of retail industry with context-based patterns. In line with Business Model Canvas, we propose that first, customers can be innovated based on context by depicting customers with big data, analyzing their jobs-to-be-done and emotional needs; second, products（value proposition）compound with related products as a portfolio, professional design and application scenes; third, marketplace (operation) is embedded with context driven by data and building a value network. Therefore our findings suggest that customer behaviors that is "Aware, Appeal, Ask, Act and Advocate", can be changed enormously, which then influence customers’ willingness-to-attention, willingness-to-interaction, willingness-to-pay and willingness-to-share, and ultimately value-in-context is created.
On basis of a perspective of dual conflict, the paper establishes a theoretical construct in hope of dynamically elaborating how the diversity of TMT functional background affects firm innovation under the integration of CEO’s characteristics. Based on the data from public listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in China from the year 2009 to 2016, by employing Poisson model, the paper systematically analyzes and empirically examines the relationship between the diversity of TMT functional background and firm innovation performance, and the moderating effect of CEO characteristics on capability, power and relationship dimensions. The results indicate that, to begin with, the diversity of TMT functional background exerts a negative effect on firm innovation performance. Besides, the richer CEO’s functional background is and the longer CEO’s tenure and that of TMT members overlaps, the negative effect of TMT functional background on firm innovation performance is weaker. Additionally, the more powerful CEO is, the negative effect is stronger. The paper adopts a dynamic theoretical construct instead of a stable one which is conducive to unfold the “blackbox” of “group diversity—firm outcome”. Besides, the findings are helpful for those firms which urge to improve firm innovation.
Synergy innovation is manifested as the knowledge flow cross organization in the innovation network. Relationship is the channel of knowledge flow, and relational governance is an important means to promote knowledge flow. With the method of cross cases, such as TD alliance, Shanlian alliance and Changfeng alliance, this paper analyzes the process of relational governance driving knowledge flow based on the view of knowledge process and knowledge situation. And then explores its driving mechanism. It has been found that: Firstly, relational governance structure promotes knowledge flow through relationship capitalization. Secondly, relational governance structure promotes knowledge flow through relationship humanization. Thirdly, relational governance means promotes knowledge flow through relationship socialization.
