Bingzhi is the forerunner in practicing the philosophy of saving the country by science and the pioneer of China's zoology. In the process of saving the country by science and cultivating scientific research talents, he particularly focuses on constructing and advocating the role of “the essence of scientists”, the value consensus of scientists’ spiritual quality and behavior norm. Based on an in-depth analysis of the spiritual outlook of Chinese scientists in the 1930s and 1940s, he proposed and systematically elaborated “the essence of scientists” with “selflessness, devotedness, trustworthiness, industriousness, persistence, benevolence” as its main content. It is valuable for reference for carrying forward the spirit of scientists in the new era.
Environmental risk management requires the production and application of effective knowledge. Traditional environmental governance is mainly based on scientific rationality, relies on the paradigm of "technocracy", and seeks for the certainty and reliability of environmental governance by "solving problems". Environmental decision-making is often monopolized by technical experts, the general public's perception of the environment is regarded as "unscientific" and "irrational" and is excluded from the policy process, and public wisdom is obscured by expert knowledge. Today, science is often associated with very risky, difficult to determine facts, controversial values, highly complex, and pressing decisions. Environmental risk disputes cause people to understand science again, and make human beings enter the post-conventional science era. Science has been difficult to provide the security and accurate answers needed for environmental risk decision, and traditional environmental risk management has encountered the challenge of uncertainty. In the field of science and policy from the perspective of post-conventional science, new modes of knowledge production and application, such as "citizen science" and "division of knowledge", have emerged, reshaping the relationship between science and politics, and advocating the democratization of professional knowledge. They face controversial scientific uncertainty and value, requires open scientific cognitive commitment, emphasizes the amateurism, the situation of knowledge value, in the citizenry and experts on the cognitive ability to multiple subject to negotiation dialogue on the basis of equality, by "expanding" community of peers to achieve consensus on science, knowledge production and decision problem, for highly complex, uncertainty of environmental risk management to lay the solid foundation of knowledge. Knowledge democratization is not only a new model of environmental risk management, but also the result of the logic evolution of science itself.
As a deep cognitive factor affecting employee creativity, mindset has attracted extensive attention in the field of creativity. However, previous studies mainly focus on the effect of employee mindset, while the influence of leader-member mindset congruence remain poorly understood. Based on the multi-dimensional perspectives of person-supervisor fit theory and implicit theory, the current study examines the influence of leader-member mindset congruence on R&D employee creativity and its process mechanisms. The data of 308 R&D employees are tested using polynomial regression and response surface analysis. The results show that: (1) the more congruence the leader-member mindset is, the higher the level of R&D employee creativity would be. Under the congruence situations, compared with the “low-low” combination the “high-high” combination has a stronger positive effect on R&D employee creativity. Under the incongruence situations, compared with the “high-low” combination the “low-high” combination has a stronger positive effect on R&D employee creativity; (2) Employee thriving at work play a mediation role between leader-member mindset congruence and R&D employee creativity; (3) Calling orientation moderates the relationship between leader-member mindset congruence and employee creativity. Compared with the low calling orientation, the positive effect above is stronger when the level of calling orientation is high. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
From the perspective of "science and technology input-science and technology output-science and technology performance", the article establishes an index system for science and technology nations and an index system for science and technology power. It measures the total amount of science and technology in the country and the level of per capita development. It compares the annual index data 2004 and 2017 in the United States, Germany, Britain, France, Japan and China, which analyzes the development trend of China's construction of a large and powerful country in science and technology. The article uses benchmark analysis and expert empowerment analysis methods to obtain the scores of science and technology power and nations, calculates the comprehensive index of science and technology power, and uses Verhulst model and GM (1,1) model to predict science and technology score and comprehensive index between 2020 and 2035 in 6 countries. It concludes that at present China has become a big country in science and technology, but it is still a certain distance from the science and technology power. By 2035, the comprehensive strength of China's science and technology will significantly increase. The comprehensive index of the country's science and technology will surpass France, will be basically the same as Britain, and the gap with Japan and Germany will narrow. But there is still a certain gap with the United States.
In view of the rapid development of China's import trade in recent years and the increasing participation of manufacturing in the global value chain division of labor, it is of great practical significance to re-research the technology spillovers in China's import trade. This paper use panel data including 16 manufacturing industries from 2000 to 2014 to study the relationship between import trade, global value chain embeddedness and manufacturing productivity development. The results show that the R&D spillover of import trade can significantly improve the productivity of manufacturing industry. The global value chain embeddness and productivity improvement have an “inverted U-shaped” relationship, and there is a “low-end locking Dilemma” ; the “low-end locking Dilemma” of global value chain is concentrated in the low-tech industry, while it is not obvious in the middle and high-tech industries. At the same time, the higher the technical level of the industry, the greater the spillover effect of import trade technology. The global value chain embeddedness is an important factor affecting the R&D spillover of import trade. There is a nonlinear relationship between the two factors, but it presents a "positive U-shaped" relationship, that is, with the deepening of the value chain embeddedness, the absorption capacity of domestic manufacturing technology is improved, and the spillover effect of import trade R&D is turned from negative to positive. Compared with developing countries, global value chain embeddedness has a much more significant impact on the R&D spillover of imports from developed countries, probably because imported products from developed countries usually contain more technical content and require more technical absorption capacity.
High-technological industries (HTIs) is the key to realizing innovation-driven transition and elevating national core competence. It is the important for advancing S&T reform and optimizing allocation of S&T resources to improve the role of the government in the innovation process of HTIs. In this paper, static and dynamic panel data of provincial areas in Mainland China from 2010 to 2016 is used to analyze and compare the impact of government support on innovation efficiency of different HTI, which results in two main findings. First, the government play distinct roles in different HTIs, whose impacts are not significant on Manufacture of Medicines, Manufacture of Aircrafts and Spacecrafts and Related Equipment, and Manufacture of Computers and Office Equipment. Second, the impact of government support on HTIs has dual edges and reflects as invert-U shape in Manufacture of Medical Equipment and Manufacture of Electronic Equipment and Communication Equipment, in the latter of which the long-term cultivation on innovation capacity contribute to improve the impact of government support. This research reveals the double-edged impacts and industrial differences of government support in S&T innovation, which enriches the achievements of related research fields. According to the findings, the policy implications include optimizing support ways, adjusting support intensity, and enhancing support orientation.
The paper selects 63 policy texts promulgated by the Chinese government from 2012 to 2019, uses Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen as the samples to focus on innovation activities, and construct a four dimensional research framework of policy subjects, policy objectives, policy objects, and policy tools. The paper takes policy collection-policy analysis-policy evaluation-policy optimization as a research context for policy evaluation, and quantitative analysis and text mining of China ’s policies to attract foreign investment in R&D institutions. The research results show that the policy support is more precise and comprehensive, the relationship between policy subjects is strengthened, and institutional cooperation is more extensive and deeper; the policy objectives are multidimensional, with emphasis on obtaining innovation resources and enhancing innovation capabilities; and the policy target attaches importance to attracting independent companies R&D entities and non-independent enterprise R&D entities have become important attractions; policy tools use the most environmental tools, supply tools are the second most and demand tools are the least. Although there are differences in policy subjects, policy objectives, policy objects, and policy tools, they gradually become standardized and comprehensive as the policy evolves. In view of the current policy weaknesses, the author puts forward suggestions such as improving policy implementation and improving micro-policy.
Technology lock-in blocking the emergence and survival of disruptive innovation. Our paper divided the factors that lead to technology lock-in into two aspects: technical entanglement and interest correlation. The survival analysis method is used to study the survival state of 8106 technical standards from Searle Center Database. The results show that: (1) The more complex the technology is and the more industries, the easier it is to form technology lock-in; (2) the mechanism for maintaining the vested interests of enterprise is strongest, while the influence of the technical alliance and government intervention is the second; (3) Technology lock-in that lead by government is especially significant after the technology has survived for more than 20 years. In order to prevent technology lock-in, it is recommended to limit SEP owners to excessively capture technical monopoly interests, and encourage bottom-up multi-level technology alliances to participate in the formulation of technical standards. At the same time, the government should not participate too much in the technical standards setting process.
Using PCT patent application cooperation data between countries alongside One Belt and One Road Area during the period of 2002-2015 from the Incopat patent information search platform, this paper divides the fifteen years into 5 stages , constructs scientific and technological collaboration network for each stage, and analyzes the whole structure, key points, topological structures and pair of high frequent cooperation of each network. The research shows that, firstly, the development of network is still in its infancy, the development trend is not stable; secondly, Russia and China are the key points in the networks, Russia is the most important point in the first four networks and China takes its place in the network of last stage, the extend of focusing on the key points of the whole network has showed the declining trend; thirdly, there are 2 kinds of topological structures, which are the star topology with the center of Russia and a network topology consisting of several relatively rich countries, and the pairs of high frequent cooperation are quite few.
Cross-border M&A is an effective way for enterprises to acquire knowledge, and it is also an important approach for enterprises to obtain OIL advantages and achieve internationalization. Inter-organizational compatibility is a key variable affecting knowledge transfer in cross-border M&A, and different types of knowledge seem to be intrinsically linked to OIL advantages in the enterprises. In cross-border mergers and acquisitions, how should enterprises effectively improve knowledge transfer by improving inter-organizational compatibility, thereby enhancing OIL advantages? Based on the congruence theory and eclectic theory, this paper matches technological knowledge, managerial knowledge, market knowledge with ownership advantages, internalization advantages, and location advantages. On this basis, this study combines technological compatibility, cultural compatibility, strategic compatibility, technological knowledge, managerial knowledge and market knowledge into a research framework, an empirical analysis of 182 Chinese cross-border M&A enterprises was conducted using SPSS22.0 and LISREL8.70 software. The results clearly indicate that different dimensions of compatibility have a positive impact on the various types of knowledge transfer in cross-border M&A, which in turn enhances the OIL advantages. Specifically, technological compatibility has the greatest impact on the technological knowledge, which in turn enhances the ownership advantages; cultural compatibility is the strongest promotion of managerial knowledge, and thus the internalization advantages are advanced; strategic compatibility is the most helpful to promote market knowledge, thereby facilitating the location advantages.
The development of the internet has provided the strength of recessive "connection economy", which has changed the traditional management mode of organizations and the ways of innovation. It is worth further discussion on how to grasp this opportunity to promote the knowledge creation performance. Based on resource-based view and dynamic capability theory, this paper explores the triggering effect and upgrading path of enterprise internet capability on the knowledge creation performance under the internet background. Through the survey data of 399 organizations in China, we find that: different types of internet capability have different impact path on the transformation of knowledge creation. Internet infrastructure capability affects the knowledge creation performance both directly and indirectly through ambidextrous strategic flexibility; internet business spanning capability and internet proactive stance both affect the knowledge creation performance indirectly through ambidextrous strategic flexibility. Both reactive strategic flexibility and proactive strategic flexibility have a significant positive impact on transformation of knowledge creation. The information density of product chain has significantly moderating effect on the relationship between internet capability and reactive strategic flexibility.
Based on the theories of resource dependence and behavior coordination, this paper analyzes the black box of improving cooperative performance mechanism. Collecting relevant data on the cooperative innovation of 339 high-tech enterprises in the Yangtze river delta region in 2018, and verifies the mechanism of resource complementarity and behavior synergy to improve the cooperative performance of high-tech enterprises by using the structural equation., capturing the effective Promoting path of to improve the cooperation performance of high-tech enterprises, found:（1） "Ability matching → behavior coordination → cooperative performance" is the key path to improve the cooperative performance of high-tech enterprises. (2) resource complementarity and behavior coordination have a significant positive impact on the cooperative innovation performance of high-tech enterprises. (3) subject characteristics have a significant positive impact on the cooperation process. (4) resource characteristics have a differentiated impact on the cooperation process. (5) government support has a significant positive impact on the cooperation process. (6) market environment has a significantly differentiated impact on the cooperation process. Based on this, the paper puts forward some Suggestions to improve the cooperation performance of high-tech enterprises in China effectively.
Industry-university research alliances (IURA) are an important national policy for Chinese government to accelerate technological innovation. However, it is still not clear that how IURA impact corporate innovation. Unlike prior studies, we analyzed the impact of IURA and its mechanism on corporate innovation to examine their policy effects based on IPC information of inventions, taking the companies of the ChiNext market as the research object. Our results show that IURA have a positive impact on technological diversification after using propensity score matching method and difference-in-differences regressions. Moreover, we further find that the impact has a significant lagged effect after using dynamic analysis model. This paper provides theory and empirical evidence for our insight into real effects of Chinese IURA policy. In addition, it also provides meaningful policy implications for China’s government and firms to perfect IURA policy and enhance innovation capability.
This paper aims to reveal the effect of innovation policy on regional economic development. Through the effect of innovation policy on TFP and its spatial spillover effect in 30 provincial regions of China from 2001-2017, we find innovation policy has a significant impact on TFP, and this effect is mainly driven by labor distortion. The government funds play the most important role comparing with other policy tools. And innovation policy not only has a significant direct effect, but also has a significant spatial spillover effect. In other words, the innovation policy will not only directly affect the TFP of the region, but also affect the TFP of neighboring regions. This paper affirms the role of the innovation policy in stimulating and guiding the regional economic development, and its demonstration role for other regions.
In the development of global innovation network, international talents are the key elements of organizational knowledge innovation, reinventing organizational knowledge structure and promoting the influence of organizational knowledge innovation. Taking artificial intelligence as an example, this paper analyzes the impact of international talents on organizational knowledge creation based on USPTO and WOS database. Through social network analysis methods, it depicts the characteristics of scientific cooperation network and patent cooperation network, and further studies the impact of international talents on the organization’s position in the knowledge network. The results show that international talents have a significant positive impact on the organization’s creation of new scientific knowledge, and have a significant positive impact on the organization’s position in the knowledge innovation network. The main contribution of this paper is to verify the important role of international talents in the creation of new knowledge form the perspective of science and technology cooperation network, and to open up the black box of the impact of international talents on knowledge network potential of organization. This has an important practical significance for China to build a global innovation network.
Based on the perspective of supply chain integration, this study explores the internal mechanism of how enterprises can promote the evolution of technological innovation capabilities through supply chain integration through a multi-case study of three small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. The research results show that: (1) In the context of supply chain integration, the evolution of technological innovation capability presents a dynamic process from low-order to high-order, following the path of “localized technological innovation capability - customized technological innovation capability - synergy technological innovation capability”. (2) Supply chain integration, as a key innovation practice, is a key factor affecting the evolution and upgrading of enterprise’s technology innovation capability, and there will be a dynamic transform of the model. (3) On this basis, small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises follow the mechanism of “capacity accumulation – capability extension – capability transition” to realize the evolution and upgrading of technological innovation capability. This research is useful for enriching and perfecting the further research on technological innovation and supply chain integration.
Maker is an important driving force for the innovation and development of the third industrial revolution. The study of maker capital based on the formation of maker is of great significance to the innovation and development of society. Based on the qualitative study of 66 makers' open-ended questionnaires, this paper constructs the structure dimension of maker capital, and further revises the scale of maker capital through 157 data structure exploration and reliability and validity test. The results show that maker capital is a second-order four factor structure including creativity, personality, knowledge experience and resource integration, and its scale has good reliability and validity. The research enriches and expands the direction of capital theory and maker research, helps to optimize the management performance of maker space in China, and promotes the steady development of China's "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" strategy.
Which kinds of government supports can promote the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises is a crucial topic for theory. In this study, 842 private SMEs were selected as samples to analyze the influence of innovation vouchers, a new type of government support, on the growth of SMEs. The results show that innovation vouchers have a significantly positive effect on the growth of SMEs. Furthermore, with low financing constraints or with low marketization degree, the positive effect of innovation vouchers on SMEs’ growth is more significant. The robustness test still confirmed the above conclusions. In terms of the mechanism of influence, innovation vouchers promote growth through innovation performance and innovation efficiency. This study expands the study of the government's macro policies on the behavior of private SMEs and puts forward the mechanism that influences the evolution of SMEs, which will benefit the government's decision-making.
