Social governance needs the empowerment of technological innovation, but the "time lag effect" of technological innovation risk is the object of social governance, which leads to the inherent synergy and reflexivity between modern technological innovation and technological governance in logic and practice, that is, the innovative development of emerging technologies cannot be separated from the synchronous construction of adaptive governance system. Therefore, the governance dilemma brought by the extension of scientific experiment to real world experience requires the collective participation of the public and experts, and faces the uncertainty through experimental practice, which leads to the collaborative innovation-governance model of "collective experiment". From the perspective of STS and co-construction, the emergence of collective experiment phenomenon can be systematically expounded and then conceptualized, and the practice path of collective experiment, which is a new governance model, can be standardized, in order to expand the emerging STS theme of "technology development as a real-world experiment".
Science knowledge production in big data era has shows obvious coproduction characteristics.The coproduction has new characteristics of objects of science production from small amount to huge amount,organization mode of science production from relative independence to collaboration,growth mode of science knowledge from theory-driven to data-driven and product forms of science knowledge from causal relationship to relevant relationship.At the same time coproduction of science knowledge has brought four social controversies:if the knowledge production based on big data has entered into a new paradigm of science research,if the resources of science research will be differentiated and concentrated,if knowledge production based on data will be faced with stronger and stronger mechanical path dependence,if research modes of different subjects will be differentiated inordinately.
data and algorithm play an important role in the current practice of national governance. In order to reveal the knowledge essence and power logic of algorithm, this paper combs the Western algorithm theory according to the scientific and technological research (STS) and critical data research (CDS), and combines with a large number of in-depth interviews and data from many police departments, so as to open up the application of algorithm the "black box" of knowledge. Research shows that, as a technical mechanism to build knowledge and power, on the one hand, the algorithm can build the correlation between nonstructural data to predict the behavior of distributed groups; on the other hand, it can promote a high degree of response and coordination to complex social needs. In addition to shaping social order and responding to social needs, this paper further reveals the hidden risk root behind the brilliant technology science of algorithm. Through the analysis of algorithm transparency, which is the focus of algorithm technology controversy, this paper analyzes how the risk of algorithm is generated in the two sets of scientific / narrative knowledge of "technology" and "social and political structure", and causes the scientific controversy of "equality and justice" with the wide application of algorithm in various fields. Thus, it can provide a coherent analysis and unified theory for the new research paradigm of algorithm, and systematically present the challenges of algorithm to social science research.
Industrial digitization is the main driving force for the high-quality development of China's digital economy. Based on technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework, this paper provides the integrated analysis framework of industry digitalization. Also, this paper employs QCA methods to explore the development of underdeveloped regions and developed regions in China on industry digitalization. Results show that high level of regional industry digitalization has three driven paths in underdeveloped regions, and high level of regional industry digitalization has two driven paths in developed regions. And the two types of regions have the common driven paths, but also have different configurational driven paths to high development of industry digitalization in China. In addition, the driven path about high development of industry digitalization has the different essential core conditions in the two regions, and the substitution relationship among technology, organization and environment is also different. The conclusions of this study are helpful to understand the nature of complex interaction among multiple factors behind the development of local digital economy. And they bring beneficial practice enlightenments and useful policy advices for industrial digitalization in economically underdeveloped and developed regions.
Breaking through key core technologies has been a major issue related to China's overall development, which is also the key to promoting the new development pattern of domestic and international dual cycles. Practice shows that after decades of development, Chinese equipment manufacturing industry, as a pillar industry of the national economy, has achieved long-term progress. However, equipment manufacturing enterprises are still far away from being completely independent and controllable in key core technologies. Facing the squeeze of the competitive market and international political sanctions, it has become extremely urgent to solve the problem of how to break through key core technologies. Existing research on how to break through key core technologies only focuses on macro-level discussions and initiatives like emphasizing the importance of leading enterprises, or only discusses the realization of single core technologies. There is a lack of research on the breakthrough path to systematically explore key core technologies of complex products at the enterprise level.
Given the gaps in existing research and important practical significance, this study aims to investigate the breakthrough path of key core technologies for leading equipment manufacturing enterprises. To solve this question, we choose the exploratory case study method to explore the dynamic process of two leading equipment manufacturing, XCMG and WEICHAI, in achieving technological breakthroughs. Specifically, we put forward two research questions in this research: First, what are the evolution characteristics and realization paths of leading equipment manufacturing enterprises realizing technological breakthroughs? Second, what are the core elements that support leading equipment manufacturing enterprises to achieve key core technologies? On one hand, we fully collect the information and data of the cases, and code data to obtain the key constructs and research frameworks——technological breakthrough paths, technological innovation capabilities, and breakthrough results. Among them, we aggregate the core elements from the perspective of technological innovation capabilities. On the other hand, according to the research framework, we sort out the technological process of the cases in stages, and finally condense the core elements that promote enterprises to realize technological breakthroughs.
The research results show that: First, the key core technology breakthroughs achieved by the leading equipment manufacturing enterprises have the characteristics of multi-technology concentrated breakthroughs and multi-product co-innovation. Specifically, the technological breakthrough path at the enterprise level can be divided into four stages, which is from technology introduction, technological improvement, independent innovation to global leadership. The product evolution characteristics corresponding to each stage are as shown below: Product component manufacturing, overall manufacturing, overall self-developed, and leading the world. The characteristics of technological evolution corresponding to each stage are as shown below: The overall introduction, partial technological improvement, technological innovation, and centralized technological breakthroughs. Second, the core elements to achieve technological breakthroughs include continuous large R&D investment, technology accumulation, human resources including leading entrepreneurs, technical experts and talent management systems, R&D organization system, IUR cooperation, and internationalization strategy of technological innovation.
This study contributes to the prior literature in three main ways. First, this study adds to research on key core technologies. Existing research on key core technologies is only at the stage of emphasizing its importance, and there is still a lack of rigorous and systematic academic research. This study explores the breakthrough path of key core technologies of China's leading enterprises in equipment manufacturing industry, and summarizes the key elements. Second, this study promotes the research on technology upgrading of complex products. Different from previous research that focuses on the evolution of a single technology and its internal structure, this study portrays the evolutionary characteristics of Chinese leading equipment manufacturing enterprises to achieve technological breakthroughs in complex products. Third, in addition to exploring the breakthrough path of key core technologies, this study also pays attention to the technological innovation capabilities that support enterprises to achieve technological breakthroughs, thus enriching research on the evolution of technological innovation capabilities.
For practical implications, we suggest that enterprises should clarify their current stage of technological innovation, and pay attention to and strengthen the input of core elements. For example, enterprises can plan for the long-term large R&D investment and international technology-oriented strategy, pay attention to the introduction and cultivation of leading talents and professionals, and strengthen the governance of IUR alliance portfolios. Besides, the government should effectively construct and implement systems as well as policies that are conducive to technological breakthroughs in enterprises, and actively build bridges for innovative leading enterprises to achieve domestic and international development.
The transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry to intelligent manufacturing is the inevitable choice for China to realize the strategy of manufacturing power. According to the double difference method, this paper takes the introduction of "made in China 2025" policy as the quasi-natural experiment, and empirically tests the effect and mechanism of intelligent manufacturing policy on enterprise total factor productivity by using the data of A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2019. First, "Made in China 2025" has effectively promoted the improvement of total factor productivity of smart manufacturing enterprises. As an incentive policy, this policy will give target companies preferential benefits in terms of capital, taxation, land use, and talents, which can effectively guide and help companies reduce costs and enhance competitiveness, thereby promoting the improvement of corporate total factor productivity. Second, "Made in China 2025" has two opposite mechanisms for the total factor productivity of enterprises. On the one hand, incentive policies induce enterprises to increase meaningless or inefficient R&D investment and reduce the total factor productivity of enterprises. This partly stems from Adverse selection behaviors caused by information asymmetry between enterprises and governments; on the other hand, they guide enterprises to increase the number of effective invention patents, thereby increasing their total factor productivity. Third, compared with state-owned enterprises, the effect of policy implementation on the total factor productivity of non-state-owned enterprises is more obvious. Due to the inherent lack of political resources and derivative advantages of non-state-owned enterprises, they are more eager to get support from policies, and their response speed and degree to policies will be higher. Therefore, policies have a stronger marginal promotion effect on their corporate factor productivity. Fourth, compared with enterprises in low-market areas, the impact of policy implementation on the total factor productivity of enterprises in high-market areas is more obvious. In regions with a high degree of marketization, government policies will be more inclined to consider supporting companies with more competitive market advantages, so as to give full play to the role of policy resources in promoting total factor productivity. The results confirm the effect of intelligent manufacturing policy, and partially open the black box of its mechanism, which has important reference and enlightening significance for the formulation and implementation of intelligent manufacturing industry policy in the next stage.
With the rapid development of robotics technology in China, it is particularly important to study the impact of robots on China's job market. We use LASSO regression and random forest to calculate the probabilities of 435 occupations being replaced by robots on O*NET (corresponding to more than a thousand sub-occupations in China's occupational classification code). The results show that about 33% of China's labor force is at high risk of being replaced, and gender, age, education level and salary are all correlated with the probabilities. Finally, this paper explores the impact of robots on future employment in China. If China can maintain the average GDP growth rate to 5.5% in the next 30 years under the background of industrial restructuring, the replacement effect of robots on labor will not have a big impact on China's overall employment situation, but when China's average GDP growth rate cannot be maintained at such a growth rate, or the industrial structure is not fully adjusted, the substitution effect of robots on labor will cause unemployment.
The national science and technology awards which include the State Natural Science Award, the State Technological Invention Award, and the State Scientific and Technological Progress Award, are the highest honor granted by the Chinese government to reward great achievement in science and technology. Taking 2661 high-level scientific and technological talents who won the national S&T awards from 2000 to 2019 as the research subjects, this paper analyzes the mobility path of the high-end talent group from birth, education to achievement, and summarizes the mobility pattern of scientific and technological talents in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Firstly, our results show that the talent flow in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region presents a “single core attraction” pattern. The inbound mobility rates of national S&T awards winners in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region are mostly higher than those in the other two regions. Beijing lured the majority of award winners from both inside and outside the region through its clusters of high-quality universities, research institutes and high-tech enterprises. While the reverse talent flows from Beijing to Tianjin and to Hebei, as well as the talent flow between Tianjin and Hebei are not smooth. Secondly, we find that the talent flow in the Yangtze River Delta appears to be a “self-produced and sold” pattern. The internal flow rates of national S&T awards winners in the Yangtze River Delta are significantly higher than those in the other two regions. The talent flows in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai are all highly localized. Roughly a third of the award winners born in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shanghai finally resettled in the same province, while half of the award winners educated in these three provinces finally stayed to work in the same province. As a result, the talent flow among Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai is less frequent than the flow inside each province. Talents in Anhui exhibit a different mobility pattern than the rest of the Yangtze River Delta. Anhui has an outbound mobility pattern, and the talent flow between Anhui and the rest of the Yangtze River Delta is week. Lastly, the talent flow in the Greater Bay Area presents an “innovation attraction” pattern. The majority of national S&T awards winners working in the Greater Bay Area were born or educated in other regions. Besides, the Greater Bay Area has the privilege to attract overseas talents. However, the talent flow between Guangdong and Hong Kong faces significant hurdles. Overall, three regions have to overcome similar challenges to achieve talent integration. There are different degrees of localized flow of scientific and technological talents in these three regions, and the talent flows within regions are unbalanced and unobstructed. They have to reduce the adverse effects caused by localized talent flows in most provinces. To realize the integrated development of talents in different regions, we suggest that the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region should transform the talent mobility pattern into a “single core spillover” pattern which highlights Beijing’s role of radiation to other parts of the region. The Yangtze River Delta is encouraged to develop an “internal circulation” talent mobility pattern while the Greater Bay Area is recommended to adopt a “combined attraction” talent mobility pattern.
The unique strategy of Chinese enterprises’ ODI location choices challenges the traditional theory of multinational corporations，an in-depth analysis of the nature of Chinese MNCs’ capabilities and their impact on ODI will help to explain the theoretical controversy in previous studies. Using the A-share listed manufacturing enterprises during 2014 to 2018 as the research sample，this paper investigates the mechanism of Chinese enterprises’ ODI location choices based on a capability-based view. The results show that the host country's technological endowment and institutional quality have significant positive effects on the location choice of ODI，technological capability and institutional proximity affect the relationship between host country characteristics and ODI location choice. There are different location selection mechanisms for Chinese enterprises in ODI between developed and developing countries, which are mainly represented in the heterogeneous moderating effects of enterprise characteristics. The results reflect the dynamic changes of host countries’ characteristics and Chinese enterprises' ODI strategies and help to more effectively explain the Chinese enterprises' ODI location selection mechanism.
At present, the deficiency of research on entrepreneurial ecosystem is more reflected in the lack of research on cross-integration between different levels of the system, which easily leads to the deviation between the behavior of new enterprises and the development direction of the system. Only when the new enterprise in different system niche is integrated into the surrounding entrepreneurial ecosystem can it make itself and the system become a whole, so as to obtain system benefits and create achievements. This is also in line with the principle of common interest. However, research from the perspective of the integration of enterprises and systems is very rare. Therefore, this research emphasizes that new enterprises need to adopt the strategic orientation of “integration and isomorphism” with the system, and then puts forward a new concept of entrepreneurial ecological orientation. Besides, since the integration of opportunity and resource has become a key behavior for new ventures to obtain entrepreneurial performance, this research will further test the relationship among entrepreneurship ecological orientation, integration of opportunity and resource and entrepreneurial performance based on the standard research paradigm of “guide-behavior-performance”. The research conclusions can not only accurately grasp the formation process of new ventures’ strategic orientation under the entrepreneurial ecosystem, but also comprehensively reveal and summarize the entrepreneurial behavior rules of new ventures under the entrepreneurial ecosystem, which plays an important role in promoting entrepreneurial theory research.
International entrepreneurship is an effective way for enterprises to integrate international resources, find and evaluate international opportunities, and promote sustainable growth of enterprises. Research in the field of international entrepreneurship focuses on how enterprises survive and grow in the international market competition, but rarely discusses the role of entrepreneurs' decision logic in the process of international entrepreneurship. There are still some limitations in the existing research on effectuation. First of all, the existing studies mainly stay at entrepreneurship in the domestic environment, and lack of empirical research in the context of international entrepreneurship. However, international entrepreneurship does not simply extend domestic entrepreneurial experience to overseas markets, so it is necessary to explore whether effectuation is applicable to international entrepreneurship and its impact on international entrepreneurial performance. Secondly, the existing empirical research focuses on discussing the impact of external environment uncertainty on the relationship between entrepreneurial decision logic and firm performance, pays less attention to the internal formation mechanism, and fails to fundamentally solve how enterprises achieve excellent performance through effectuation, and ignores the important role of external knowledge acquisition, international opportunity identification and other capabilities effect.
Therefore, based on effectuation theory and resource-based theory, this paper constructs a theoretical model of effectuation, external knowledge acquisition, international opportunity identification and international entrepreneurial performance. Through empirical analysis of 278 samples, the results show that: (1) effectuation has a significant positive impact on international entrepreneurial performance; (2) External knowledge acquisition plays a mediating role between effectuation and international entrepreneurial performance; (3) International opportunity identification plays a mediating role between effectuation and international entrepreneurial performance; external knowledge acquisition and international opportunity identification play a chain mediating role between effectuation and international entrepreneurial performance.
This study has three theoretical contributions. First, this study starts from a new research perspective, emphasizing the impact of entrepreneurs' decision logic on international entrepreneurial performance. The empirical results show that effectuation decision logic is suitable for enterprises to carry out international entrepreneurial activities, and effectuation decision logic is not only used by new ventures in the face of environmental uncertainty, but also suitable for international entrepreneurial enterprises. Second, this study verifies that external knowledge acquisition and international opportunity identification are the transmission channels of effectuation influencing international entrepreneurial performance. Third, external knowledge acquisition and international opportunity identification play a chain mediating role between effectuation and international entrepreneurial performance. Different from previous studies focusing on the moderating effect of external environmental factors on the relationship between effectuation and firm performance, this study introduces the specific path of external knowledge acquisition and international opportunity identification when constructing the relationship between effectuation and international entrepreneurial performance, opens the black box of the mechanism of effectuation on international entrepreneurial performance, and further improves the international entrepreneurial research.
This study has important implications for enterprises in the context of international entrepreneurship not only the question whether it is suitable to use effectuation decision logic but also how to use it to improve international entrepreneurial performance. At the same time, it also has the following limitations. First, all variables in this study are measured at the same time point, so it is impossible to obtain the dynamic process involved in the process of external knowledge acquisition. Therefore, the focus of future research can adopt longitudinal research design to deeply explore the dynamic change of knowledge acquisition to internal transformation. Second, this paper does not make a further distinction between the research objects, such as new enterprises and mature enterprises, or traditional industries and emerging industries. Therefore, the research conclusion has certain universal significance. But in the future, we can make a further comparative study on the differences between new enterprises and mature enterprises or enterprises in different industries in the path of international entrepreneurship. Finally, based on resource-based theory, this study focuses on the mediating role of external knowledge acquisition and international opportunity identification between effectuation and international entrepreneurship performance. In the future, we can further explore other moderating conditions, such as the impact of institutional environment and cultural distance on international entrepreneurship.
Based on empirical learning and attribution theory, this paper constructs a theoretical model framework of regulated double mediation, studies the causal relationship mechanism between entrepreneurial resilience and re-creative willingness in failure situations, and focuses on the mediation mechanism between ambidextrous learning, and introduces counterfactual thinking as the boundary condition of the mechanism of entrepreneurial resilience to re-creative willingness. The empirical study shows that: (1) Entrepreneurial resilience has a positive effect on re-creativity; (2) Ambidextrous learning has a partial mediating effect between entrepreneurial resilience and re-creativity; (3) Self-directed counterfactual thinking regulates the direct effect of entrepreneurial resilience on exploratory learning and its indirect effect on re-creative wish through exploratory learning; (4) Other-oriented counterfactual thinking regulates the direct effect of entrepreneurial resilience on utilization learning and its indirect effect on re-creative wish through utilization learning. Therefore, entrepreneurs who fail to start a business, through reflection, deconstruction and attribution of the failure events, can carry out purposeful entrepreneurial learning, which can stimulate entrepreneurs' re-creative wish, thus providing theoretical basis and decision-making reference for self-improvement and social support for entrepreneurs who fail to make a comeback.
In the Yangtze River Delta advanced manufacturing cluster survey data, taking knowledge spillovers as the entry point, using empirical analysis to analyze the relationship between knowledge spillovers and the growth performance of advanced manufacturing cluster companies. 157 Research on the questionnaire data of advanced manufacturing enterprises in the parent triangle area shows that knowledge spillover significantly promotes the growth performance of cluster enterprises; knowledge spillover positively affects enterprise innovation association; among the three dimensions of enterprise innovation association, enterprise cooperation, personnel flow, and enterprise spin-off play an intermediary role.
Digital innovation is typical patent-intensive innovation. In recent years, strategic patent behaviors have been increasingly emerging in the field of digital innovation. It has had a significantly negative impact on digital innovation. It is necessary to have an in-depth research on strategic patent behaviors in digital innovation. The analysis of time series data shows that the surge of patent families leads to the surge of patent quantity in this field. At the same time, patent litigations also present an explosive growth trend in digital innovation. On this basis, the research shows that patent families and patent litigations are not isolated in digital innovation. There is a significant interaction of mutual promotion between patent families and patent litigations. That is, the growth of patent family quantity leads to the emergence of massive patent litigations and the emergence of patent litigations stimulates more applications of patent families. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the examination and authorization standard of patent families. We can achieve the policy effect of "killing two birds with one stone" and curb the negative impact of the overflow of strategic patent behaviors on digital innovation.
Actors’ heterogeneity brings diversified resources and information to the collaborative innovation network, which is the basic premise of collaborative innovation value creation. However, there is still a lack of empirical analysis on how actors’ heterogeneity affects collaborative innovation value creation. Based on the theory of actors’ heterogeneity, social exchange theory and China's real situation, the analysis framework of "heterogeneity—social exchange/government intervention—collaborative innovation performance" is constructed, and 123 cases are empirically studied through fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis. The results found that: ①There are four configurations that lead to high collaborative innovation performance. ②In terms of promoting the value creation of collaborative innovation, the three sets of conditions of high decision-making power heterogeneity, high goal heterogeneity and strong resource exchange, high cultural heterogeneity and strong resource exchange have a mutual substitution relationship; in strong resource exchange and strong information When exchanges coexist, the combination of the unidimensional heterogeneity of participants and government intervention and the multidimensional heterogeneity of actors can be substituted for each other. ③Government intervention has certain boundary conditions for the effectiveness of collaborative innovation value creation. Under the background of the unidimensional heterogeneity of actors, government intervention is effective and necessary. The research further clarified the "black box" of the process of multi-agent collaborative innovation, empirically tested the boundary conditions of the effectiveness of government intervention on collaborative innovation, and provided theoretical basis and management enlightenment for the sustainable development of collaborative innovation.
